Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MHD1/Pharm1 Exam 4 > (MHD) Valvular Heart Disease > Flashcards

(MHD) Valvular Heart Disease Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
WSET ® Level 4 D2 Business of Wine flashcards
1
Q

Describe the basics of valve histology. What components make it up?

A

The valve is lined by endothelium and has a connective tissue core which is composed of spongiosa, fibrosa and reticularis, as well as collagen and elastic fibers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mitral insufficeincy is also known as…

A

Mitral regurgitation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Often, patients with a bicuspid aortic valve also have underlying…

A

Aortopathy. They are therefore at increased risk for dissections, aneurysms and other aorta related issues. They are also at greater risk for an aortic stenosis earlier in life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the most common valvular abnormality?

A

Valvular degeneration due to calcification.

Occurs due to normal wear and tear on the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pts with aortic stenosis are often the same pts who have a higher likelihood of what other cardiovascular disease?

A

Atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the symptoms or Calcific Aortic Stenosis (3)?

A
  1. CHF
  2. MI
  3. Syncope (not enough blood is getting to the brain)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Mitral Valve Prolapse?

A

Ballooning of the mitral valve into the atrium during systole. The MV has enlarged, redudant, floppy leaflets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What syndrome is mitral valve prolapse often associated with?

A

Marfan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name the (4) rare, serious complications associated with mitral valve prolapse

A
  1. Arrhythmias
  2. Infective endocarditis (due to leaflet rubbing the endocardium)
  3. Mitral insufficiency
  4. Stroke/systemic infarct from embolism (leaflet can break off of atrial thrombi can form)

A.I.M.S. of prolapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the hallmark finding associated with Infective Endocarditis? Describe it.

A

VEGETATION

This is an abnormal outgrowth upon the valves of the heart, composed of various tissue elements. They can be bulky, thrombotic, and destructive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe Acute Infective Endocarditis

(what is the condition of the valve prior to this disease state? how high is mortality? what is the micro-organism most associated with it?)

A

Occurs in valves which were usually normal previously. It is a rapid destruction with a high (50%) mortality. Staph aureus is the most common bug associated with it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe Subacute Infective Endocarditis

(what is the condition of the valve prior to this disease state? how high is mortality? what is the micro-organism most associated with it?)

A

Affects previously deformed valves. Usually there is recovery if the treatment is appropriate. Most commonly associated with Strep viridans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why are IV drug users at increased risk for IE?

A

They directly introduce bugs into their vessels via puncturing of their own non-steril skin with a non-steril needle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Complications associated with Infective Endocarditis (4)

A
  1. Valve insufficiency or stenosis
  2. Abscess
  3. Emboli
  4. Glomerulonephritis

You G.A.V.E. me IE!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Treatment for IE

A
  1. IV antibiotics
  2. Surgery
  3. Prophylaxis w/ antibiotics for high risk Pts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name the (3) types of noninfected vegetations

A
  1. Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis (Marantic Endocarditis)
  2. Endocarditis of System Lupus Erythematosus (Liebman-Sacks Endocarditis)
  3. Acute Rheumatic Fever
17
Q

Describe Marantic Endocarditis

A
  • Small, sterile, non-destructive vegetations (thrombi)
  • Loosely attached so can easily embolize
18
Q

In what kind of Pts is Marantic Endocarditis most likely?

A

Patients prone to hypercoagulable states (Sepsis, cancer, burns, indwelling catheters, etc.)

19
Q

Describe Endocarditis of System Lupus Erthematosus (Libman-Sacks Endocarditis).

What happens and what can it lead to?

A

Small Sterile vegetations which are the consequence of immune complex deposition and associated inflammation. This valvulitis leads to subsequent fibrosis and valve deformity.

20
Q

What causes rheumatic fever?

A

It is an immune response to group A Strep (pyogenes). Antibodies directed against M proteins of strep cross-react with self-antigens in the heart, activating macrophages and causing an autoimmune response.

21
Q

Name the Jones criteria for acute RA

A
  • Joints (polyarthritis)
  • Carditis
  • Subcutaneous nodules
  • Erythema marginatum of skin
  • Sydenham chorea (involuntary pruposless, rapid movements)

Pt must have had Group A Strep and 2 major manifestations ( or 1 major and 2 minor)

22
Q

Describe Aschoff Bodies. What disease are they associated with?

A

They are tiny granulomas associated with acute rheumatic fever.

They are made from T lymphocytes, plasma cells and a special form of macrophage (Anitschkow cell aka caterpillar)

PAL

23
Q

Name the particular type of Macrophage associated with Aschoff Bodies

A

Anitschkow cells aka caterpillar cells.

24
Q

Describe the cycle of fibrosis associated with RA

A

Inflammation causes fibrosis which obliterates the normal leaflet structure. Turbulence induced by this obliteration causes additional fibrosis.

25
Q

What occurs in Chronic Rheumatic Valvular Disease? Which valve is most commonly effected?

A

Fibrosed valves leads to stenosis (fish mouth/ buttonhole) and the cards of the valves become short, thick and fused. Usually effects the MITRAL VALVE only.

26
Q

What is a carcinoid? What does it secrete?

A

A neuroendocrine tumor which secretes bioactive products, particularly serotonin.

27
Q

What effect can Serotonin from Carcinoid Heart disease have on the heart?

A

It can cause plaque-like thickening of the endocardium and valves, ultimately leading to right sided heart disease.

28
Q

What is the most common primary tumor of the heart in adults?

A

Myxoma

29
Q

Where does a Myxoma most frequently occur?

A

Left Atria

90% occur in the atria and it occurs in the left atria at a ratio of 4:1

30
Q

Describe the Myxoma (clinical manifestations?)

A

It is a tumor with a gelatinous appearance. It can present in form of a ball-valve obstruction in which, during systole, it can move into or through the AV valves. This can lead to syncope depending on the positioning. They can also embolize.

31
Q

What 2 clinical features are associated with rheumatic fever?

A

Aschoff bodies + Pancarditis

32
Q

What clinical associations are associated with pancarditis

A
  1. Bread and Butter pericarditis
  2. Myocarditis
  3. Endocarditis

MHD1/Pharm1 Exam 4 (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions