Methods used to study Flashcards
What is a Survey?
systematic collection of data with predetermined questions
What are the 6 different ways to administer surveys?
postal, internet, phone, group, structured interviews, personal
ADV and DIS postal
quick and easy to administer and complete
response bias
ADV and DIS internet
large sample, quick and easy
lack of representativeness
ADV and DIS phone
personal Qs easier to ask over the phone, large sample
selection bias, interviewer bias
ADV and DIS group
large amount of data collected quicker
lack of anonymity and group pressure
ADV and DIS structured interview
standardised
inflexible - no room for elaboration
interviewer bias
ADV and DIS personal
good response rate, quick and easy
representativeness
social desirability
questionnaire fatigue
Designing a Questionnaire
1- topic
2- type of questionnaire
3- draft
4- re-examine
5- pilot study
6- edit procedure
What not to use in a Questionnaire
double barrelled questions e.g how do you feel about___ and ____?
loaded questions
negative wording
What are open-ended questions and + and - ?
Qs that gain qualitative data
+ detailed data
- subjective interpretation
- time consuming
What are partially open-ended questions?
multiple choice plus option with ‘other’
What are close-ended questions and + and - ?
quantitative, likert scale, multiple choice, true/false
+ quick and easy
- less detail
What is questionnaire fallacy?
mistaken belief that a questionnaire provides a true picture of what people do and think
answers can be theory led
What does it mean if answers are theory led?
means that researcher thinks they know relevant answers which are displayed in multiple choice
What are 3 different scales that can be used?
rating scales
likert scales (e.g strongly agree / disagree)
semantic differential scale (measures peoples attitudes / feelinsg twoards concept or object)
What are some issues found in Questionnaires?
order effects
demand characteristics
social desirability
cultural bias
extreme or neutral responses
acquiescent (agreement bias)
priming (thinking about answer to one Q whilst answering another on)
What are Psychometric tests?
lets that measures the mind
aims to uncover ‘implicit’ or ‘subconscious’ processes
2 types: Aptitude, Attitudes
What is meant by Aptitude psychometric test?
tests ability e.g IQ
What is meant by Attitude psychometric test?
tests personal qualities e.g personality
History of aptitude psychometric test
china selected bureaucrats based on ability rather than birth
What was the first modern psychometric test?
Yerkes army alpha and beat tests
(test was ethnocentric)
What is an example of an early personality test?
Woodworth personal data sheet
What are examples of modern day psychometric test?
Stanford-binet IQ test
Raven’s progressive matrices
What are 2 examples of Implicit Cognitive tests?
Word Association Tests (WAT) (Jung)
Implicit Association Test (IAT) (Greenwald)
What is meant by colloquialism?
there are different meanings for words in different cultures
example shown through WAT
What are the 2 types of reliability?
Internal
External
What method is used to test internal reliability?
Split half method
What method is used to test external reliability?
Test retest
What is Content validity?
does the method cover all aspects of the construct being studying
What is Construct validity?
does the method measure the construct it’s supposed to
What is Criterion validity?
does the measure correlate with established outcomes
What is response referencing?
tendency to respond in a certain way to present a certain pictures of oneself
What is normative reference testing?
when scores are compared to the norm e.g the mean
