Methods of control Flashcards
What happened to the elected local government?
They were abolished and replaced with Podestas - officials from Rome
What were the OVRA?
Secret police
What did the OVRA do?
Operated independently from police
Hundreds of arrests and detentions per week
Vast network of informants and agents
How were exiles treated?
Opponents forced into exile and some killed by fascists e.g. the Roseli brothers
What was a special tribunal?
Applied justice system outside the normal justice system
Special tribunal facts
21,000 people were tried between 1925-43 for political crimes - 3/4 were acquitted!!!
Between 1929 and 1939, 3596 sentences were past, each averaging around 5 years
How many people were killed under the fascist regime?
Around 400 killed by the state
1922-40 - 9 political executions
1940-43 - 17 public executions
What were the MSVN?
Armed militia who intimidated opponents - around 50,000
How many people were sent to confinos?
Around 10,000
By 1939, how many people were fascist party members?
Around 6% of population
How were teachers treated?
Threatened with dismissal and made to join Teachers Association
Offered career enhancements if they conformed
How did Mussolini try and end hostilities with the Church?
Granted 3 million lire for damaged Churches
Closed down 53 brothels and anti-clerical journals
Banned contraception and made religious education compulsory in 1923
What did the Church do in 1923?
Disbanded PPI, Don Sturzo made to leave the country
What did Mussolini do in 1925?
Got re-married in the Catholic Church
What was signed in Feb 1929?
Lateran Pacts - gave the Pope 700 million lire and 1 billion in Italian state bonds
Mussolini appeared to have solved the ‘Roman question’ and known as the ‘Defender of Faith’ abroad
