Indoctrination of Fascist Society Flashcards
Successes in media
Full radio control by 1924
Censored publications
News reels before films
Poster indoctrinate illiterate Italians
Failures in media
Few fascist films in 1920s
Readership of fascist newspaper only 12.5% by 1930 (around 120,000) Milan newspaper had readership of around 600,000
Only closed 6 newspapers by 1925
Hollywood films shown in Italy
South had no access to cinemas or newspapers etc
Private radio still available (BBC, Vatican etc) and had 5x more listeners
1938 - 3/4 cinema tickets for US films
What agency was set up in 1930s?
Rural radio agency - radios in schools
How did Mussolini try and fascistise sport?
New stadiums built e.g. 1932 Stadium of Marbles
Carnera was an Italian world heavyweight from 1933-35 which improved national pride
What agency was created in 1924?
LUCE - created to produce documentaries, news reels etc
Successes of youth indoctrination
ONB summer camps attended by an estimated 700,000 for two weeks
ONB membership compulsory in 1937
1929 - 60% North ONB members
Failures of youth indoctrination
Rivalled by Catholic Action groups
1929 - 35% south ONB members
What was banned in 1926?
101 of 317 history textbooks
What was introduced in 1928?
Libro unico
Who took an oath in 1929?
Teachers
What became fascist in 1931-32?
Teachers association
11/125 professors refused to take the loyalty oath
What was introduced in 1935?
Military education in schools
What was the illiteracy rate by 1931?
21% adults
48% in 1901!!
What was the Battle of the Births?
Mussolini wanted a population of 60 million by 1950
What happened to women in the mid-1920s?
Women excluded from teaching
What happened to women in 1933?
Only 10% state jobs were for women
How many women were going to university by 1938?
15%
Up from 6% in 1914
What right were women given in 1925?
Can vote in local elections
How many babies didn’t survive childbirth in 1926?
127/1000
How many babies were still born in 1938?
32%
What happened between 1928 and 1931?
Real wages dropped by 25%H
How many women were working in industry by 1936?
24%
Increased by 7% from 1911
How much did birth rate decrease between 1921 and 1941?
10%
How successful was Mussolini in controlling the mafia?
Appointed Mori in November 1925, reduced crime rates - 25 murders in 1928 compared to 278 in 1924
Failures in the South
In 1937, 2/3 of industrial workers were based in Northern cities
Sicily received less drainage funds than Tuscany or Lazo
Electricity prices 2/3x that in the North
Average worker earned 200 lire less and the average peasant earned 700 lire less
What was created in 1925?
OND - employees
What did the OND do?
In 1934-35, 1.75 million families received winter allowances
Provided 4 million holiday trips every year
How many members did the OND have?
1926 - 281,000
1931 - 1.7 million
1939 - 3.9 million
40% industrial workers and 25% peasants
