Indoctrination of Fascist Society

Question 1

Successes in media

Answer 1

Full radio control by 1924
Censored publications
News reels before films
Poster indoctrinate illiterate Italians

Question 2

Failures in media

Answer 2

Few fascist films in 1920s
Readership of fascist newspaper only 12.5% by 1930 (around 120,000) Milan newspaper had readership of around 600,000
Only closed 6 newspapers by 1925
Hollywood films shown in Italy
South had no access to cinemas or newspapers etc
Private radio still available (BBC, Vatican etc) and had 5x more listeners
1938 - 3/4 cinema tickets for US films

Question 3

What agency was set up in 1930s?

Answer 3

Rural radio agency - radios in schools

Question 4

How did Mussolini try and fascistise sport?

Answer 4

New stadiums built e.g. 1932 Stadium of Marbles
Carnera was an Italian world heavyweight from 1933-35 which improved national pride

Question 5

What agency was created in 1924?

Answer 5

LUCE - created to produce documentaries, news reels etc

Question 6

Successes of youth indoctrination

Answer 6

ONB summer camps attended by an estimated 700,000 for two weeks
ONB membership compulsory in 1937
1929 - 60% North ONB members

Question 7

Failures of youth indoctrination

Answer 7

Rivalled by Catholic Action groups
1929 - 35% south ONB members

Question 8

What was banned in 1926?

Answer 8

101 of 317 history textbooks

Question 9

What was introduced in 1928?

Answer 9

Libro unico

Question 10

Who took an oath in 1929?

Answer 10

Teachers

Question 11

What became fascist in 1931-32?

Answer 11

Teachers association
11/125 professors refused to take the loyalty oath

Question 12

What was introduced in 1935?

Answer 12

Military education in schools

Question 13

What was the illiteracy rate by 1931?

Answer 13

21% adults
48% in 1901!!

Question 14

What was the Battle of the Births?

Answer 14

Mussolini wanted a population of 60 million by 1950

Question 15

What happened to women in the mid-1920s?

Answer 15

Women excluded from teaching

Question 16

What happened to women in 1933?

Answer 16

Only 10% state jobs were for women

Question 17

How many women were going to university by 1938?

Answer 17

15%
Up from 6% in 1914

Question 18

What right were women given in 1925?

Answer 18

Can vote in local elections

Question 19

How many babies didn’t survive childbirth in 1926?

Answer 19

127/1000

Question 20

How many babies were still born in 1938?

Answer 20

32%

Question 21

What happened between 1928 and 1931?

Answer 21

Real wages dropped by 25%H

Question 22

How many women were working in industry by 1936?

Answer 22

24%
Increased by 7% from 1911

Question 23

How much did birth rate decrease between 1921 and 1941?

Answer 23

10%

Question 24

How successful was Mussolini in controlling the mafia?

Answer 24

Appointed Mori in November 1925, reduced crime rates - 25 murders in 1928 compared to 278 in 1924

Question 25

Failures in the South

Answer 25

In 1937, 2/3 of industrial workers were based in Northern cities
Sicily received less drainage funds than Tuscany or Lazo
Electricity prices 2/3x that in the North
Average worker earned 200 lire less and the average peasant earned 700 lire less

Question 26

What was created in 1925?

Answer 26

OND - employees

Question 27

What did the OND do?

Answer 27

In 1934-35, 1.75 million families received winter allowances
Provided 4 million holiday trips every year

Question 28

How many members did the OND have?

Answer 28

1926 - 281,000
1931 - 1.7 million
1939 - 3.9 million
40% industrial workers and 25% peasants