Giolittian Italy, 1903-1914 Flashcards
What were the 1900 election results?
Liberals - 412 seats, 73%
Socialists - 32 seats, 13%
What did the Catholics do in 1904?
Vote in constituencies where socialists might win
How many socialists were in unions by 1902?
250,000
What was Giolitti’s impact on electoral reform?
Widened suffrage in 1912 from 3.5 million to 8 million: Anyone who completed military service could vote, literate men 21+ and illiterate men 30+
HOWEVER women can’t vote
What was Giolitti’s impact on agriculture?
New crops like grapes, rice and olives were being grown
Giolitti introduced Quinine in 1900 to combat malaria and the mortality rate dropped by 50% between 1900 and 1910
HOWEVER in 1878, 1,455 of 2,200 workers in Sicily needed Malaria treatment + 25% population died from Malaria
Large farms were ran by capitalist tenants, increased social divisions - 0.01% of population owned 50% land
What was Giolitti’s impact on education?
1904 Orlando law made education compulsory until 12 years old
1911 Daneo-Credaro Law nationalised most communal schools which made them more accessible
School attendance in Sicily rose from 54% in 1901 to 73% in 1906
HOWEVER the rate of children in primary schools didn’t reach 90% for 70 years
80% illiteracy rate in 1861 took more than 50 years to halve
There was no way to regulate education
What was Giolitti’s impact on industrial relations?
1903 - government acknowledged the right to strike
1904 - non-intervention policy
1907 - women can’t work more than 12 hours a day and children under 12 can’t work
1908 - Pensions, maternity and sick pay introduced
HOWEVER the South do not feel many of the benefits
Benefits of the non-intervention policy
Decreased military power means there was less violence
Less resentment towards the government due to decreased involvement
Problems with the non-intervention policy
Employers may lose business over it - increased resentment towards the government which could cost the Liberals key elite votes
What was Giolitti’s impact on the economy?
1905 - Railway nationalised
National income rose from 61 billion in 1895 to 92 billion in 1915
Steel production rose from 140,000 tonnes in 1900 to 930,000 in 1914
Silk market produced one third of the world’s silk by 1913
What was Giolitti’s impact on the Church?
1913 Gentiloni Pact
Used negative cohesion - worked together against common enemy, socialism
What was the Gentiloni Pact?
1913 secret pact with the Catholic Church
Signed by 223 Liberals
Banned divorce and contraception, and promoted Catholic education in schools
What was Giolitti’s impact on nationalism?
Libyan campaign in 1911-12 improved national identity
Industrialisation made Italy less reliant on other nations
Grand Transformismo unified Italians
HOWEVER the 1903 non-intervention policy meant the military wasn’t used that often
8 million people emigrated between 1900 and 1915, no national identity?
What was Giolitti’s impact on socialism?
1903 - right to strike and non-intervention
1905 - railway nationalised
1911 - Daneo-Credaro law nationalised most communal schools
1912 - franchise expanded to 8 million
HOWEVER may feel ignored by 1904 non-intervention policy
1911 Libyan war highlighted social inequality
What were the 1913 election results?
Liberals - 318 seats, 54%
Socialists - 78 seats, 22%
Liberals won 70% vote in 1900
