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Environmental Science > Methods of Conserving Biodiversity > Flashcards

Methods of Conserving Biodiversity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What information do you need to know before targeting conservation activities?

A

variety of plant and animal species

population size of species

weather/climate

the importance of each species

what is causing the population decrease

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2
Q

What does IUCN stand for?

A

International Union for Conservation of Nature

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3
Q

What is the IUCN?

A

a membership union composed of both government and civil society organisations

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4
Q

What does is the aim of the IUCN?

A

preserve species

promotes national legislation

monitors climate change

improves the lives of people through the economic conjunctions of nature

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5
Q

What are the roles of the IUCN?

A

compile red list

reduce poverty

boost food security

restore natural resources

reduce company’s environmental impact

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6
Q

What is the IUCN Red List?

A

gives species a status of vulnerability

contains both threatened and non threatened species

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7
Q

How is the Red List compiled?

A

measures pressure on species

local surveys, consultations, national red lists

70000 species are currently listed - target 160000

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8
Q

The seven categories of the red list and what they mean: EX

A

extinct

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9
Q

The seven categories of the red list and what they mean: EW

A

extinct in the wild

can only be found in captivity

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10
Q

The seven categories of the red list and what they mean: CR

A

critically endangered

extremely high risk of extinction

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11
Q

The seven categories of the red list and what they mean: EN

A

endangered

very high risk of extinction

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12
Q

The seven categories of the red list and what they mean: VU

A

vulnerable

high risk of extinction in the wild

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13
Q

The seven categories of the red list and what they mean: NT

A

near threatened

close to qualifying for a threatened category

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14
Q

The seven categories of the red list and what they mean: LC

A

least concern

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15
Q

How are the different categories assessed?

A

population size (change over past 10 years)

area of habitat

number of areas found in

number of mature adults

probability of extinction

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16
Q

Definition of EDGE species

A

Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered species

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17
Q

Examples of EDGE species

A

elephants
pangolins
purple frog
pandas

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18
Q

EDGE Species conservation study: pygmy sloth

A

educational programs

monitor populations - GPS collars/backpacks

only found on an island near Panama

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19
Q

Definition of Endemic Species

A

species that are only found in a limited/defined area or habitat

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20
Q

Examples of endemic species

A

giant panda

pygmy sloth

glacier bear

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21
Q

Endemic Species conservation case study: Giant Panda

A

increase area of habitat protected by law

patrol against poaching, logging and encroachment

creating green corridors to connect isolated pandas

moved from endangered to vulnerable

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22
Q

Definition of Keystone species

A

an organism that is a fundamental part of the functioning of an ecosystem

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23
Q

Examples of Keystone species

A

the american beaver

sharks

bees

starfish

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24
Q

Keystone species conservation case study: starfish

A

when removed half of other species gradually declined

mussels overcrowded other species as were not being kept under control

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25
Q

Definition of Flagship species

A

a species chosen to raise support for biodiversity conservation

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26
Q

Examples of Flagship species

A

Giant panda

polar bear

tiger

sea turtle

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27
Q

Flagship species conservation case study: sea turtle

A

developing less harmful fishing gear (circle hooks)

protect nesting habitats

Fiji sea turtle recovery plan

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28
Q

Red List update: pillar coral

A

vulnerable - critically endangered

population has decreased by 80% since 1990

decline caused by disease, coral bleaching, sea temp rise

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29
Q

Red List update: oaxaca tree frog

A

critically endangered - near threatened

community action taken in mexico

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30
Q

What does CITES stand for?

A

Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species

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31
Q

What does CITES do?

A

an international agreement to protect threatened species by regulating and monitoring trade

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32
Q

How does CITES work?

A

separate species into 3 categories

appendix 1+2 = threatened with extinction (complete ban on trade)

appendix 3 = species that are protected in at least one country (trade is closely monitored)

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33
Q

What does ITTO stand for?

A

International Tropical Timber Organisation

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34
Q

What does the ITTO do?

A

enables forest owners and communities to earn export income from sustainably produced wood

manages 80% of the world’s tropical rainforests

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35
Q

What is the ITTO responsible for?

A

90% of worldwide tropical timber trade

36
Q

When was the International Whaling Commission established?

A

1949

88 member countries

37
Q

What did the International Whaling Commission develop?

A

sustainable types of whaling - aboriginal subsistence whaling

38
Q

What did the International Whaling Commission introduce?

A

moratorium (ban) on whaling across the globe

39
Q

How does the International Whaling Commission help conservation?

A

address threats of bycatch and entanglement, ship strikes and pollution

hold workshops on safe detangling

“Save the Whales” campaign - endorsed by the UN

40
Q

What does the EU Common Fisheries Policy do?

A

gives all EU fishing fleets equal access to EU waters

ensures sustainable fishing

guarantees incomes and stable jobs for EU fishers

41
Q

How does the EU Common Fisheries Policy protect marine ecosystems?

A

regulates fishing methods

limits time the ships can spend at sea

sets quotas - how many fish can be caught

implements net sizes

42
Q

Designations: SSSI

A

Site of Special Scientific Interest

managed by natural england (gov)

martin mere, morecambe bay

43
Q

Designations: NNR

A

National Nature Reserve

managed by natural england (gov)

ribble estuary - important site for wintering wildfowl

44
Q

Designations: SPA

A

Special Protection Areas

managed by JNCC

bowland fells - protects habitats of migrating birds

45
Q

Designations: SAC

A

Special Areas of Conservation

managed by JNCC

hatton bank - birds of european interest

46
Q

Designations: MNR

A

Marine Nature Reserve

managed by natural england

Lundy island

47
Q

Designations: MPA

A

Marine Protected Areas

managed by Natural England

Goodwin sands

48
Q

Designations: MCZ

A

Marine Conservation Zones

managed by natural england

the canyons

49
Q

Designations: LNR

A

Local Nature Reserve

managed by local authority

albans wood

50
Q

Designations: Natura 2000 sites

A

network of SPA + SAC

the foloi oak forest

51
Q

Designations: Ramsar Site

A

wetlands of international importance

important for migratory birds

chesil beach

52
Q

Why can some species not be kept in captivity?

A

difficult to recreate habitats

too large

too small to capture

expensive

dont understand reproductive behaviour

53
Q

How can keeping species in captivity and captive breeding programmes help wildlife conservation?

A

young are more likely to survive

increases population numbers

reduces predation

protection from disease

increase genetic diversity

54
Q

Problems associated with breeding in captivity:

A

causes distress

some animals do not reproduce well in captivity

domestication

no fear of humans

55
Q

Cryopreservation

A

freezes gametes/embryos - implemented into surrogate species

preserves biological material

able to store for a long time

56
Q

Artificial Insemination

A

used in farming and agriculture

collect semen from male and implement in female to produce offspring

removes danger of mating

useful for controlling mating

57
Q

Embryo Transfer

A

uses genes from desirable female

artificially inseminate egg and implant into other females

given hormones to produce many eggs

produces more offspring than naturally

58
Q

Micropropagation

A

cloning of plants

small tissue sample is placed in a growth medium

inexpensive and fast

produces thousands of plants from one parent

reduces genetic variation

59
Q

Cloning of Animals

A

stem cells are extracted

place stem cell nuclei in empty eggs from closely related species

electric shock to start divisions

performed if females need preserving

driven by agriculture

60
Q

Problems with the release of captively bred animals

A

can become invasive species
habituated to human contact
unable to hunt
out-competed
unaware of predators

61
Q

Points to consider before the release of any organism to the wild

A

maturity
survival skills
population size
habitat size
predators/order of food chain
amount of food available
is the release area protected

62
Q

What is meant by the term “hard release”?

A

no support given after release

most common with species that act on instinct (no need for survival skills) (fish, reptiles, insects)

63
Q

What is mean by the term “soft release”?

A

some support/protection is given for a period of time after release

gradual release - enclosure size increases, food provided, predators excluded

64
Q

Examples of hard release

A

wolves - yellowstone

65
Q

What is a seed bank or seed vault?

A

A store of seeds - often cryopreserved or dried

Important for CWRs

66
Q

Svalbard Seed Bank: Why is the seed bank important? Why might the preservation of seeds be important for future generations?

A

world’s largest seed bank

contain important food crop species

protected in the event of war/ natural disasters

store CWRs

preserves endangered plant species

may provide fuel/food/medicine in the future

67
Q

Problems/limitations of seed banks

A

power failure could destroy all samples

expensive to run

freezing the seeds can damage then

some plants dont produce seeds

68
Q

Who are the major landowners and managers in the UK in the aim of conservation?

A

The National Trust

The RSPB

The Woodland Trust

Natural England

DEFRA

The Forestry Commission

69
Q

How does designating land protect habitats?

A

gives is a legal protected status

stops private landowners

allows small landowners to control their land

70
Q

What are the key features of SSSIs and how are they protected?

A

best example of the UK’s plants, animals and geological features

must inform the government of operations likely to damage (ploughing, drainage, burning)

71
Q

What are the key features of NNRs and how are they protected?

A

best example of SSIs

cover complete communities of species and habitats

72
Q

What are the key features of SACs and how are they protected?

A

each member state must identify and protect habitats of international importance

73
Q

What are the key features of SPAs and how are they protected?

A

each member state must identify and protect places that are of international importance for birds

74
Q

What are the key features of Ramsar Sites and how are they protected?

A

protected by the ramsar convention

primarily protects wildfowl habitats

broadened to conserve all wetlands and their ecosystems

75
Q

What is an agri-environment scheme?

A

provides funding to farmers and land managers to allow them to farm in a way that supports biodiversity/improves air, water and soil quality

76
Q

What is the current agri-environmental scheme in the UK?

A

Countryside stewardship (CSS)

ran by Natural England

started 2017

77
Q

What is a past agri-environmental scheme in the UK?

A

Environmentally Sensitive Areas

Introduced in 1988

One of the first in the world

78
Q

What do agri-environmental schemes aim to achieve?

A

incentivise landowners to protect habitats, biodiversity, water/soil/air quality

reduce agrichemicals - fertilisers and pesticides

79
Q

How do agri-environmental schemes work?

A

outline activities the farmers/ land owners can do

activities vary in cost and difficulty (more difficult = more payment)

payment is per hectare

80
Q

Examples of features that can be added or maintained during agri-environmental schemes: Beetle Banks (mid-tier)

A

Provides nesting and foraging habitats for insects

81
Q

Examples of features that can be added or maintained during agri-environmental schemes: Hedgerow Management (mid-tier)

A

Increases the availability of blossom for invertebrates

Provides food for overwintering birds

82
Q

Examples of features that can be added or maintained during agri-environmental schemes: Nectar flower mix (mid-tier)

A

Provides areas of flowering plants to boost essential food sources for pollinators

83
Q

Examples of features that can be added or maintained during agri-environmental schemes: Creation of traditional orchards (higher-tier)

A

Range of healthy young trees
Supports insects, birds and wildflowers

84
Q

Examples of features that can be added or maintained during agri-environmental schemes: Woodland Improvement (higher-tier)

A

Improves biodiversity of woodland
Increases resistance to climate change

85
Q

Examples of features that can be added or maintained during agri-environmental schemes: Control of invasive plant species (higher-tier)

A

Reducing density of non native species to restore natural balance
Eradication of sever infestations

Environmental Science (25 decks)

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