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environmental science > How Humans Threaten Wildlife > Flashcards

How Humans Threaten Wildlife Flashcards

1
Q

How do humans deliberately exploit wildlife? (unsustainably)

A

Deforestation
Eutrophication
Mining/ resource extraction
Overfishing/ bottom trawling/blast fishing
Agriculture/ food production

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2
Q

Examples of unsustainable exploitation for food:

A

Steller’s sea cow - hunted to extinction

Dodo - relied on by sailors - eaten by invasive species brought on boats

Mammoths
Bison

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3
Q

Examples of unsustainable exploitation for fashion:

A

snake skin
ivory
leather
tortoise shell
coral jewellery
bear skin
leopard skin

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4
Q

How and why have humans exploited snow leopards?

A

poached for illegal trade

bones are used in traditional medicine

killed by farmers because they prey upon livestock

captured as pets for entertainment

deforestation has lead to habitat loss

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5
Q

How many skins are needed to make a snow leopard coat? How much are they worth?

A

seven

£7,000

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6
Q

Examples of unsustainable exploitation for pets and entertainment:

A

circuses

sea world

bullfighting

safari parks

horse racing

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7
Q

Yellow headed parrot case study: where?

A

Mexico and Central America

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8
Q

Yellow headed parrot case study: why?

A

Imitates human speech

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9
Q

Yellow headed parrot case study: what?

A

population decreased by 90%

half of all birds captured are thought to die in the process

threatened by habitat loss

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10
Q

Yellow headed parrot case study: how are they protected?

A

nest monitoring and protection

illegal to trade them

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11
Q

What does CITES stand for?

A

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

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12
Q

CITES: appendix 1

A

all of the species that cannot be traded internationally

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13
Q

CITES: appendix 2

A

trade of these species is closely monitored and restricted - varies depending on the population in the area

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14
Q

Examples of unsustainable exploitation for furniture and ornaments:

A

Taxidermy
Leather - seating
Mahogany - wooden furniture
Animal skin - rugs

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15
Q

Examples of unsustainable exploitation for traditional medicines:

A

Pangolins - keratin - scales and bones

Tigers - whiskers/eyes/teeth - treats malaria and insomnia

Sharks - fins - prevent heart disease/lower cholesterol

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16
Q

Reasons for the eradication of predators and pests

A

herbivores = damage crops

diseases vectors (badgers - TB, mosquitoes - malaria)

protected livestock

protecting plants from damage via pesticides

to protect human life/self-defense - e.g. from wolves/sharks/crocodiles

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17
Q

Unintentional harm to nature caused by other activities:

A

trampling
roadkill
by-catch
ghost fishing
combustion of fossil fuels - climate change
eutrophication

18
Q

How have invasive species been introduced to non-native areas?

A

boats - intentional/unintentional (ballast water)

ornamental plants

accidental transport with food

escaped/abandoned pets

species that have been used for food production (fish farms)

19
Q

Invasive species examples: American Mink

A

used in UK for furr farms
escaped in 1960s

affected water voles and seabirds

destroyed nests/eaten eggs
increased competition

20
Q

Invasive species examples: Cane Toad

A

introduced in Australia in 1935 as a biological control of beetles
moved over 200km from introduced site

affected northern quolls and large goannas

produce a poison
lay up to 50,000 eggs at a time - 15x the amount of the native toad

21
Q

Invasive species examples: Grey Squirrel

A

1870s - introduced to a park in Cheshire

predated upon red squirrels

brought squirrel pox
damage trees
increased competition for resources

impacts were reduced by monitoring red squirrel populations and by re-introducing pine martin (eat grey squirrels)

22
Q

Invasive species examples: Signal Crayfish

A

1970s - brought from North America
farmed for food
escaped from farms into fresh water

carried crayfish plague
grow faster than indigenous crayfish - grow larger
tolerant of changing conditions

23
Q

Invasive species examples: Rhododendron

A

1890s - added to gardens

affected oak trees/beech trees

out compete plants for nutrients and light
poisonous leaves - damage herbivores
fast growing

24
Q

Invasive species examples: New Zealand Flatworm

A

1960s - brought over in plants accidentally

affect earthworms, birds, badges, voles

disrupt food chain - slow decomposition - lower soil quality - lower crop yield - increase food risk

25
Q

Categories of Invasive Species: Competitors

A

rhododendron - compete for light

26
Q

Categories of Invasive Species: Predators

A

New Zealand Flatworm - ate native UK earthworm

27
Q

Categories of Invasive Species: Pathogens

A

Grey squirrels - carried squirrel pox
Crayfish - carried crayfish plague
Chalara Ash Dieback - spread amongst trees

28
Q

Categories of Invasive Species: Species that hybridise

A

Sika deer (introduced) hybridise with red deer (native)

29
Q

Categories of Invasive Species: Species that change abiotic features

A

rhododendron - change light availability

beavers - change nutrient availability

30
Q

What does biotic mean?

A

living features of an ecosystem

31
Q

What does abiotic mean?

A

non-living features of an ecosystem

32
Q

How humans change abiotic factors: Water Availability

A

increased population
agriculture - irrigation
urbanisation - surface runoff
climate change - melt ice caps
reservoir

33
Q

How humans change abiotic factors: Dissolved oxygen

A

lowers = eutrophication, power stations (release warm water)

increases = temperature decrease

34
Q

How humans change abiotic factors: Temperature

A

climate change
industry - releasing hot fluids
building reservoirs - moderates temperature

35
Q

How humans change abiotic factors: pH

A

combustion of fossil fuels - ocean acidification (CO2 + H20 makes carbonic acid)

burning of coal - acid rain

mining - acid mine drainage

36
Q

How humans change abiotic factors: Water Turbidity

A

increase = litter, sewage, dredging

lower = build dams

37
Q

How do we cause acid rain?

A

combustion of coal releases sulphur

sulphur + oxygen = sulphur oxides

SO2 + H2O = sulphuric acid

acid falls in the rain

38
Q

How does acid rain affect living organisms?

A

kills plants and trees

leaches nutrients from the soil

dissolves organisms with calcium carbonate structures (coral reefs)

39
Q

How humans change biotic features: Pollinators

A

neonicotinoids - kill bees
climate change - migration
habitat loss - loss of wildflowers

40
Q

How humans change biotic features: Seed Dispersers

A

Habitat loss

Hunting - rhinos, elephants, hippos

41
Q

How humans change biotic features: Food Chain Impacts

A

overfishing sand eels led to a decrease in puffin

collecting turtle eggs led to an increase in jellyfish population

42
Q

How do humans destroy habitats?

A

destructive fishing methods
urbanisation
wildfires
resource extraction/ mining
eutrophication/ oil spills
combustion of fossil fuels - climate change
agriculture
HEP / offshore wind farms

environmental science (24 decks)

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