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Psychology > Methods > Flashcards

Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Quantitative

A

Numerical data, information that is or can be converted into numbers

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2
Q

Qualitative Data

A

Descriptive data

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4
Q

Types of questions

A

Closed questions

Open questions

Attitude scales

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5
Q

Open questions

A

Do not involve preset answers, allow respondents to answer freely

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6
Q

Strength of Open questions

A

• Greater, more accurate amswers

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7
Q

Weakness of Open questions

A

• require more time and effort
• degree of qualitative analysis
-> subjective interpretation from researcher

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8
Q

Ranked scale

A

Answering through the raking of options from high to low.

Example:

“Put the following list of animals in the order in which you fear them; place the most feared in position 1, and so on”

Horse, rat, spider, cat, rabbit, dog, cow

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9
Q

Types of Interviews

A

Structured

Semi- structured

Unstructured

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10
Q

Closed questions

A

Questions with preset fixed answers that respondant has to circle/tick

  • quantitative data
  • fixed choice
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11
Q

Semi- Structured Interview

A

More conversational and dynamic. A set of questions that they aim to be answered but do not follow a standardized format.

• quantitative and qualitative data

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12
Q

Unstructured Interview

A

Loose research aim with no standardized questions.

• qualitative data

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13
Q

Requirements when conducting Unstructured Interviews

A

Researcher:

  • analytical
  • skilled at achieving a good rapport
  • good listening skills
  • non-judgmental language

Ethical:

  • details must be anonymized
  • deal sensitively when asking personal information
  • must not breech right to privacy
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14
Q

Sampling Techniques

A

Random sampling

Stratified sampling

Opportunity sampling

Volunteer sampling

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15
Q

Random sampling

A

Participants are recruited randomly.

Through:
• random sequences produced by computers
• place names in a hat

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16
Q

Random sampling strengths and weaknesses

A

+ representative of population

  • unrepresentative by chance
  • obtain consent from each participant
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17
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Recruiting participants with specific traits to fit the target population better.

Through:
• target population of an office, recruit office workers
• target population of a school, recruit students and teachers

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18
Q

Stratified sampling strengths and weaknesses

A

+ representative of target population

  • time consuming finding participants
19
Q

Opportunity sampling

A

Using participants who are available at the time.

Through:
• passers-by

20
Q

Opportunity sample strengths and weaknesses

A

+ fast and simple

  • limited control over recruitments
  • not everyone has an equal chance
21
Q

Volunteer sampling

A

Self-selected participants who volunteer to take part after having heard of the existence of this study.

Through:
• adverts (newspapers, tv, student common room)
•

22
Q

Volunteer sampling strengths and weaknesses

A
  • no control over recruitments
  • certain type of participants might take part making it less representative
  • sample bias

+ pretesting volunteers reduces sample bias
+ fast and simple

23
Q

Structured interview

A

Standardized interviews consisting of the same question in the same order so that all respondents are asked the same questions in the same way

• closed questions

24
Q

Attitude scales

A

Range of different options to answer

  • likert scale
  • ranked scale
25
Q

Likert scale

A

Respondants rate their opinion

Example:

“Naughty children should be smacked”

   5            4            3              2                    1 S. agree | Agree | Neutral | Disagree | S. Disagree
26
Q

Social desirability

A

When a respondent does not give a genuine answer instead giving one that depicts them in a positive light.

27
Q

Self-report Data

A

A method to gather information about how people feel, their attitudes and opinions, personality types and other traits.

28
Q

Types of self-report methods

A
  • surveys
  • interview
  • questionnaires
29
Q

Questionnaire

A

Designed to gather a large amount of data by accessing a large sample

30
Q

Measures of central tendency

A
  • mean
  • median
  • mode
31
Q

Measures of dispersion

A
  • range

- standard deviation

32
Q

CAT Scans

A
  • multiple X-rays
  • produced cross-sectional image of brain
  • create 3D image of brain
  • highlights brain damage/ tumours
33
Q

Evaluate the use of CAT scans

A

+ easy
+ accurate

  • do not show brain activity
  • harmful
34
Q

PET scans

A
  • 3D computer generated images
  • radioactive injected tracer - releases Gamma rays
  • high activity = more gamma rays
  • used to find out active parts of the brain
35
Q

fMRI Scans

A
  • through oxygen
  • detects changes of blood-oxygenation and flow
  • active areas use more oxygen
  • used to investigate: learning, emotion, memory
  • electromagnets used to detect blood changes
36
Q

Evaluate the use of fMRI scans

A

+ shows brain activity
+ non-invasive (nothing injected)
+ non-harmful (no radiation)
+ more specific

  • people with mental implants/ pacemakers cannot get fMRI scans
  • claustrophobic people might have problems
  • more expensive
37
Q

Brain scanning techniques

A
  • CAT scans
  • PET scans
  • fMRI
40
Q

Evaluate the use of PET scans

A

+ raine et al. used it (evidence)
+ shows non functioning areas of the brain

  • harmful (radioactive)
41
Q

Experimental designs

A
  • independent groups design
  • repeated measures design
  • matched pairs design
42
Q

Independent Groups Design

A

Each condition has completely different groups of people

43
Q

Repeated Measures Design

A

Everyone is in both experimental and control group

44
Q

Matched Pairs Design

A

Different participants in each condition BUT matched on important characteristics

Psychology (13 decks)

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