Clinical Psychology

Question 1

The 4 D’s

Answer 1

Deviance
Dysfunction
Distress
Danger

(Duration)

Method of defining whether a patient will need a diagnosis or not

Question 2

Deviance

Answer 2

Extend to which behavior is rare

Question 3

Dysfunction

Answer 3

Significantly interfering with the person’s life

Question 4

Distress

Answer 4

Extend to which behavior is causing upset to the individual

should be treated in isolation from other Ds

Question 5

Danger

Answer 5

Danger to themselves and others

Question 6

Duration

Answer 6

Extend to which symptoms persist

Duration is a possible 5th D that some researchers have considered taking inti account

Question 7

Client

Answer 7

Individuals receiving psychological treatment

Question 8

Patient

Answer 8

Individual receiving biological treatment

Question 9

Evaluation of the 4 D’s

Answer 9

Strengths:

•reliability
>standard test to assess symptoms

•reliability
>clinician should explore all 4 D’s for higher reliability

Weaknesses:

• reliability
> diagnosis relies on what is discussed
> measures over deviance should be standardized

• Potential for subjectivity in interpretation
• for “Deviance” = some issues are not rare, e.g: depression

Question 10

Classification systems

Answer 10

• International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

~ the purpose is to lead to a better-quality diagnosis
~ Not universally accepted
~ Several influential critics of these systems
~ minimize issues of reliability + validity that come from interpretation diagnosis

Question 11

Clinical interview

Answer 11

Process of evaluating a client by gaining important personal information about them regarding their health

Question 12

Schizophrenia

Answer 12

A spectrum of psychological disorders that are characterized by abnormalities involving distortions if thought, perception + emotion and social withdrawal

Question 13

Symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 13

• Type 1 positive symptoms 
> add to experience
> delusions
> hallucinations 
> disorganized thinking/ speech 
> abnormal motor behaviors 

• Type 2 negative symptoms 
> substract from normal behavior 
> persist longer 
> huge burden of care
> lack of energy
> lack of enthusiasm 
> poverty of speech
> poor motivation 
> social withdrawal

Question 14

Rosenhan 1973; Aim

Answer 14

“Can the sane be distinguished from the insane?”

To challenge the diagnostic systems for mental health

Question 15

Rosenhan 1974; Procedure

Answer 15

• 8 pseudopatients (including rosenhan)
• 3 women, 5 men
• 5 participants with previous psychological knowledge + housewife, painter, paediatrician

Question 16

Primary Data

Answer 16

Information that is gathered directly from a group of participants

Question 17

Secondary Data

Answer 17

Relies on evidence that. Has been gathered by other researchers by accessing peer-reviewed articles or public access statistics

Question 18

Longitudinal studies

Answer 18

Research that takes place over a long period of time, comparing a single sample group with their own performance over time

Question 19

Cross-sectional studies

Answer 19

Investigator will use a large group of people in the sample to get a good view of the target population

Question 20

Cross-cultural methods

Answer 20

Taking samples from different cultural groups to draw comparison to consider how culture may impact

Question 21

Meta-Analysis

Answer 21

Looking at secondary data from multiple studies, typically conducted where there is. A lot of psychological research