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PSY1101 > Methods > Flashcards

Methods Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of psychology?

A

The scientific study of how we think, feel and behave. Psychology is the scientific study of both mental and behavioral processes.

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2
Q

What is the scope of psychology?

A

Every single aspect of human life is of interest to psychology and involves psychological processes and principles.

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3
Q

What is the psychology scientific method?

A
  1. identify
  2. gather information
  3. develop a hypothesis
  4. design and conduct experiment
  5. analyze data and draw conclusion
  6. restart the process
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4
Q

What is the definition of hypothesis?

A

tentative prediction about the relationship between 2 or more variables

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5
Q

A hypothesis must be _________

A

Falsifiable

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6
Q

Which 2 things does descriptive research allow you to do?

A
  1. systematically and objectively observe
  2. systematically and objectively describe what we observe
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7
Q

What is the definition of survey?

A

Survey can fit with correlational and descriptive research.

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8
Q

What is a simple random sample used for?

A

To extract a representative sample from the population of interest.

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9
Q

Why do we need science?

A
  1. Intuition
  2. Common sense
  3. Overconfidence
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10
Q

What is the importance of intuition?

A

Sometimes it is the way to go, but it is also very unreliable as it can be misleading.

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11
Q

Why can’t common sense be trusted?

A

Common sense is unreliable, since what is common sense for one person will not be so for the next person.

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12
Q

What are we overconfident in when it comes to research?

A

We are much more confident in our knowledge than correct/accurate.

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13
Q

What do we know about rationalism?

A

We cannot solely use our senses to know the world because they are unreliable and deceiving. We can only use pure logic, reasoning and critical thinking.

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14
Q

Empiricism teaches us that:

A

The best way to know the world is to use our experience, observation and senses.

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15
Q

Kant teaches us that:

A

The best way to know the world is to use both our senses and pure reason.

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16
Q

What is replication?

A

Replication is repeating a study with different sets of subjects in order to obtain better/more accurate results.

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17
Q

Science is in a constant state of _____

A

Evolution

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18
Q

Descriptive research allows us to answer what?

A

What, when, where, how

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19
Q

Descriptive research does NOT allow us to:

A

Draw conclusions on cause and effect.

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20
Q

Define case study.

A

It is a type of descriptive research where researchers go in depth about an individual or a specific group of people

21
Q

What’s the main advantage to case studies?

A

They allow us to collect every single piece of relevant and important information.

22
Q

What do case studies allow us to keep track of?

A

They allow us to keep track of documents and previous findings.

23
Q

What do case studies allow us to capture?

A

They allow us to capture a glimpse of human nature.

24
Q

Case study may be ineffective in case of:

A

1: Researcher bias
2: Person or group studied being atypical, so generalizations are impossible

25
Q

What is the definition of experimental research?

A

Experimental research is a research method that allows us to observe, describe, predict and explain/draw conclusions.

26
Q

Experimental research is the only type of research that allows us to _______ __________

A

Draw conclusions on cause and effect.

27
Q

For the results of a survey to be considered scientific, it must follow _________ ________

A

Scientific rules

28
Q

When conducting surveys, researchers extract a sample from the population because it’s impossible to ________ ________

A

Survey everyone

29
Q

Random sampling ensures that:

A
  1. Every single person in the population of interest has an equal chance of being in the survey.
  2. Only chance will determine who ends up in the sample.
30
Q

We use ______ ______ to extract a representative sample from the population of interest

A

Random sample

31
Q

What are the advantages of random sampling?

A

1: Very Cheap
2: Very easy to administer
3: Can include people that usually are not included in research
4: Sometimes, a random sample is the only way to get answers

32
Q

What are the disadvantages of random sampling?

A

1: You may not get the truth because people may lie for a variety of reasons. Sometimes it’s unintentional, but they may lie.
2: The words you use in a survey can influence and affect the results you get.

33
Q

Naturalistic Observation is when:

A

Researchers leave the lab and go into the real world to do research

34
Q

During naturalistic observation, researchers absolutely can’t _________ with what they are observing.

A

Interfere

35
Q

What are the advantages of naturalistic observation?

A

1: It is the most real research that can be done
2: Sometimes it’s the only way to discover something.
3: You may discover something that you may never discover in the lab.

36
Q

What are the disadvantages of naturalistic observation?

A

1: Researcher bias
2: The mere presence of a researcher can affect the behavior of what they’re observing, and change the results even if they are not interfering.

37
Q

Similarly to experimental research, participant observation allows us to:

A

Observe, describe, and make predictions.

38
Q

What is positive correlation?

A

When the relationship between 2 variables changes in the same direction (i.e. -> -> OR <- <-)

39
Q

What is negative correlation?

A

When the relationship between 2 variables changes in opposite directions (i.e. <- -> OR -> <-)

40
Q

Why is experimental research the only one that allows us to draw conclusions?

A
  1. Experimental research manipulates the independent variable that we are extracting.
  2. In experimental research, we control all the other independent variables that can interfere with our results.
41
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

A variable that can cause a change in another variable. The independent variable is the variable that the researchers WILL MANIPULATE OR CONTROL.

42
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

The variable that is being changed and affected by the IV. The dependant variable is the variable that the reseachers are going to MEASURE.

43
Q

Experimental research can be conducted where/how?

A
  1. Lab
  2. Field
44
Q

In easy terms, experimental research is conducted doing what?

A

Picking 2 groups, 1 will be exposed to an independent variable (experimental group), the other group will NOT be exposed to an independent variable (control group)

An example is: 2 groups of students are picked. 1 will be introduced to new study methods and the other will stick to their regular study methods.

45
Q

What are confounding variables in experimental research?

A

Independant variables that the researchers are not studying, but those variables can influence and affect the results by causing a change in the dependant variable. We must control for them.

i.e. some students may be discouraged from studying, controlling this would include using students who usually study.

46
Q

Why is it important to control confounding variables when conducting experimental research?

A

If we don’t control them, and there is a change in the dependant variable, it’s going to be very difficult to know what caused the change. Is it the independent variable or confounding variables? WE WON’T KNOW.

47
Q

Some independent variables will be unknown, but still need to be controlled. How do we control unknown variables?

A

Random assignment

48
Q

What is random assignment in experimental research?

A
  1. Every single subject in the study has an equal chance of either being in the experimental group or the control group.
  2. Chance and only chance and nothing but chance that will determine who ends up in what group.

These are used to ensure we control any independent variables.

49
Q

What is the given definition of placebo?

A

A treatment that is inert.

PSY1101 (8 decks)

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