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Neuroscience > Methodology > Flashcards

Methodology Flashcards

1
Q

What are pros of studying the human brain via damage?

A
  • Learn a lot about a particular brain region

- Work in a human system

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2
Q

What are cons of studying the human brain via damage?

A
  • Damage is often messy
  • Very disruptive of individual’s life
  • Case studies
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3
Q

TMS is short for…

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

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4
Q

When was TMS first introduced?

A

1980s

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5
Q

What tools are used during TMS and how?

A

Magnetic field pulses are applied through a coil

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6
Q

What causes weak electrical currents on the surface of the brain for TMS?

A

Changes in the magnetic field

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7
Q

What does TMS do depending on the targeted region and strength of the impulse?

A
  • Stimulate neural activity

- Stop neurons from communicating

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8
Q

What are pros of using TMS?

A
  • Ask CAUSAL questions about activity (or inactivity) of targeted brain regions
  • Temporary lesion
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9
Q

What are cons of using TMS?

A

-Surface structures only

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10
Q

EEG has been around since the…

A

1920s

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11
Q

What does EEG stand for?

A

Electroencephalography

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12
Q

What does EEG measure and how?

A

It measures the electrical potential of the brain through electrodes

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13
Q

EEG is great measure for ________ in the brain, but not great for ________ of activity.

A

timing of activity

spatial location

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14
Q

True or False:

EEG can be used with infants and children

A

True

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15
Q

EEG activity can be measured when a person is…

A

At rest for clinical diagnostic reasons

Example: Research has shown that certain EEG patterns may be an early marker for autism spectrum disorder

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16
Q

When utilizing EEG for research, what is often presented and recorded?

A

Often present stimuli and record Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)

Note: stimuli could be words and nonwords for example

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17
Q

True or False:

EEG picks up on activity from specific neurons

A

False.

EEG picks up on general activity over an area, not specific neurons.

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18
Q

ERPs have _______ and _______.

A

Latency and Amplitude

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19
Q

What is latency?

A

How long after the stimulus onset did the ERP occur?

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20
Q

What is amplitude?

A

How large is the neural response?

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21
Q

Typical ERPs have been identified and are thought to relate to ________.

A

Cognitive functions

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22
Q

ERPs can be measured across _________.

A

Different electrode sites.

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23
Q

fMRI stands for…

A

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

24
Q

fMRI has been used since the…

A

1990s

25
Q

fMRI measures ________.

A

Localized activity in the brain

26
Q

fMRI analyzes what signal?

A

The BOLD Signal

Blood-Oxygenation Level Dependent Signal

27
Q

Why does fMRI have great spatial resolution but not-so-great temporal resolution?

A

Because blood flow is sluggish

28
Q

fMRI measures…

A

Resting State

29
Q

What is an example of how fMRI may be used?

A

Have participant perform tasks in the scanner and compare activation patterns across conditions

30
Q

How does one analyze data in a study using fMRI?

A

Align each functional run to the anatomical run. Data from each condition is averaged together

31
Q

In a study for fMRI, _________ are performed.

A

whole-brain contrasts

32
Q

What are the 4 key characteristic of TMS?

A
  1. Good temporal resolution
  2. Only used to study surface-level brain structures
  3. Stimulates or inhibits brain activity
  4. Makes use of properties of magnetism
33
Q

What are 3 key characteristics of EEG/ERP?

A
  1. Good temporal resolution
  2. Indirectly measures brain activity
  3. Sensitive to eye-blinks and muscle tension
34
Q

What are 4 key characteristics of fMRI?

A
  1. Good spatial resolution
  2. Indirectly measures brain activity
  3. Sensitive to motion artifacts (must stay still during procedure)
  4. Makes use of properties of magnetism
35
Q

What are the benefits of a non-human animal model?

A
  • Ability to study the brain of a living organism using invasive techniques (still with ethical practices)
  • If measuring neuronal activity - better spatial resolution than noninvasive techniques
36
Q

What is an ablation?

A

Remove brain structure or sever connections

37
Q

What do ablations study?

A

Effects on animal behavior

38
Q

What are temporary lesions?

A

Cool down region of interest to slow/stop neural activity
OR
Pharmacologically disrupt neurons from firing

39
Q

What is electrophysiology?

A

The use of microelectrodes to measure the electrical activity of cells

40
Q

What is extracellular recording?

A

Place microelectrode in extracellular space near a cell.

1 to 100s of neurons detected

Electrodes can also be used to activate neurons/brain areas

41
Q

What does microdialysis measure?

A

Brain chemistry

42
Q

What are direct measures of brain activity?

A
  • Electrophysiology
  • Extracellular recording
  • Microdialysis
43
Q

What is optogenetics?

A

The use of genetic tools to induce neurons (or other cells) to become sensitive to light, such that experimenters can excite or inhibit a cell by exposing it to light

44
Q

How does optogenetics work?

A

Introduce genetic material into cells that allow them to express a channel sensitive to light.

Shine light into brain - only cells expressing channel will be excited.

45
Q

Single-cell recordings are also referred to as

A

in vitro

46
Q

How can one look at brain tissue to understand it at a cellular level?

A

Using microscopy - prepared with various staining techniques

47
Q

In intracellular recordings such as electrophysiology, the surface of a cell must be ________.

A

Accessible to recording electrode

48
Q

What do intracellular recordings allow?

A

It allows for you to record electrical events within neurons (not just signaling between neurons)

49
Q

Cells have complete ______ but only express certain genes.

A

Genomes

50
Q

What makes cells take on unique functions?

A

Differential gene expression

51
Q

What are the different methods that allow us to label neurons that express specific mRNA sequences or proteins?

A
  • In situ hybridization
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Autoradiography
52
Q

What is In Situ Hybridization?

A

It uses complementary probes to find neurons with a specific mRNA sequence

53
Q

What is immunohistochemistry?

A

Antibodies detect expression of specific proteins.

It can tell you what cells express a certain protein, and where within a cell that protein is expressed.

54
Q

What is autoradiography?

A

Synthetic radioactive probes bind to a protein of interest

55
Q

There is a trade off between ______ and ______ resolution

A

Temporal and Spatial

Neuroscience (5 decks)

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