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Neuroscience > Chemistry of Behavior > Flashcards

Chemistry of Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

What do both endogenous neurotransmitters and exogenous drugs have in common?

A

They both have the ability to bind to receptor molecules and cause (or prevent) events in the postsynaptic neuron

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2
Q

What is the criteria for a neurotransmitter?

A
  • Exist in presynaptic terminal
  • Capable of being produced by the presynaptic cell
  • Released during an AP
  • Recognized by receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
  • Substance produces changes in postsynaptic cell
  • Blocking release of substance prevents presynaptic activity from affecting postsynaptic cell
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3
Q

What are some common neurotransmitters?

A
  • Acetylcholine (ACh)
  • Dopamine (DA)
  • Norepinephrine (NE)
  • Serotonin (5-HT)
  • Glutamate (GLU)
  • GABA
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4
Q

Acetylcholine is responsible for what functions?

A
  • Muscle contraction

- Cognitive processing

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5
Q

How was acetylcholine discovered?

A

In 1921: Famous experiment by Otto Loewi

“Vagusstoff”

NTs first found in PNS

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6
Q

Describe the key characteristics of Nicotinic?

A
  • Activated by nicotine

- Found in brain and striated muscles

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7
Q

Describe the key characteristics of muscarinic.

A
  • Activated by muscarine

- Found in brain, cardiac muscles of heart, smooth muscles

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8
Q

Which common neurotransmitters are monoamines?

A
  • Dopamine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Serotonin
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9
Q

What functions is dopamine associated with?

A
  • Motor function
  • Reward (and addiction)
  • ‘Higher’ cognitive processing
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10
Q

What is one approach a scientist can take to understand dopamine function?

A

Optogenetics

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11
Q

What functions is norepinephrine associated with?

A
  • Role in regulating sympathetic nervous system (Fight or Flight)
  • Arousal
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12
Q

What role is serotonin (5-Ht) associated with?

A
  • Mood
  • Sleep
  • Higher cognitive processes
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13
Q

Which common neurotransmitters diffuse modulatory systems?

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Dopamine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Serotonin
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14
Q

True or False:

Core of each system is small

A

True

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15
Q

True or False:

Core is deep in the brain but projects to cortex

A

True

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16
Q

True or False:

Each neuron influences many others

A

True

Axon of one neuron may contact more than 100,000 postsynaptic neurons spread across the brain

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17
Q

Which common neurotransmitters have lots of neurons all over the brain?

A
  • Glutamate

- GABA

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18
Q

What functions is glutamate associated with?

A
  • Learning and memory

- Excitatory

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19
Q

What is the most abundant neurotransmitter?

A

Glutamate

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20
Q

What function is GABA associated with?

A

Inhibition

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21
Q

How do neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic cell?

A

By binding to receptor molecules

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22
Q

Neurotransmitters can have different effects based on…

A

the receptor subtype to which they bind

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23
Q

What is a receptor subtype?

A

Any type of receptor having functional characteristics that distinguish it from other types of receptor for the same neurotransmitter

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24
Q

GABAa, GABAb, and GABAc all bind to GABA making them…

A

GABA receptors

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25
Q

What makes GABAa, GABAb, and GABAc different receptor subtypes?

A

GABA has a different effect when it binds to each subtype

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26
Q

What are the key characteristics of GABAa?

A
  • Inhibitory
  • Ionotropic
  • Directly opens Cl- channels
  • Prevent seizure activity
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27
Q

What are the key characteristics of GABAb?

A
  • Inhibitory
  • Metabotropic
  • Lead to K+ channels opening
  • Lead to a greater degree of hyper polarization than GABAa
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28
Q

What are the key characteristics of GABAc?

A
  • Inhibitory
  • Ionotropic
  • Directly open Cl- channels (channels stay open longer than GABAa channels)
  • Important in the functioning of the retina
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29
Q

True or False:

There are more neurotransmitters than receptor types.

A

False

Many more receptor types than neurotransmitters

30
Q

_______ bind to receptors.

A

Neurotransmitters

31
Q

Postsynaptic effect will depend on the function of the …

A

particular receptor subtype to which the neurotransmitter binds

32
Q

Is GABA an endogenous or exogenous substance?

A

Endogenous substance

33
Q

What is binding affinity?

A

Degree of chemical attraction between a ligand and a binding site

34
Q

Can exogenous substances bind to the same receptor sites as endogenous substances?

A

Yes - more variability in specificity of binding

35
Q

What is efficacy?

A

Propensity of the ligand to activate the receptor to which it is bound

36
Q

What do we classify drugs based on?

A

The way they affect the postsynaptic neuron relative to the effect of an endogenous neurotransmitter on the same receptor

37
Q

What are drug classification categories?

A
  • Agonist
  • Inverse agonist
  • Antagonist
38
Q

What does an agonist do?

A

It has the same effect as a neurotransmitter.

High efficacy.

Inhibitory effect.

39
Q

What does an inverse agonist do?

A

Opposite effect than the neurotransmitter that would normally bind to the receptor.

High efficacy.

Excitatory effect.

40
Q

If neurotransmitter causes an EPSP, an inverse agonist causes an ____.

A

IPSP

41
Q

What does an antagonist do?

A

Lack of effect - drug does not activate the receptor and may block receptor site so neurotransmitter can’t act.

Low efficacy.

42
Q

What is a competitive substance?

A

A substance that binds to identical site as neurotransmitter

43
Q

What is a noncompetitive substance?

A

A substance that binds to a different part of the receptor site

44
Q

How likely is it that the drug will bind to a receptor?

A

Affinity

45
Q

How will the drug act at the receptor?

A
  • Agonist
  • Inverse agonist
  • Antagonist

Efficacy

46
Q

Is the drug binding to the same site as an endogenous neurotransmitter would?

A

Competitive vs. Noncompetitive

47
Q

True or False:

Drugs can affect whether neurons have neurotransmitters to release

A

True

Transmitter production

48
Q

What effects can drugs have on the soma?

A

Inhibit NT synthesis

49
Q

What effects can drugs have on the axon?

A

Block transport down the axon

50
Q

What effects can drugs have on the axon terminal?

A

Inhibit storage in vesicles

51
Q

True or False:

Drugs can affect parts of the transmission process?

A

True

transmitter release

52
Q

What effect can drugs have on the transmission process near the axon hillock of the presynaptic neuron?

A

Inhibit AP

ex: block voltage-gated Na+ channels

53
Q

What effect can drugs have on the transmission process near the axon terminal?

A

Mess with feedback through autoreceptors

54
Q

What effect can drugs have on the transmission process near the axon hillock of the postsynaptic neuron?

A

Affect chemical transmission

ex: block voltage-gated Ca2+ channels or encourage NT release

55
Q

What does cannabis target?

A

CB-1 and CB-2 receptors for endocannabinoids

56
Q

Where are CB-1 and CB-2 receptors found?

A

on presynaptic axon terminals

57
Q

What category do the CB-1 and CB-2 receptors fall under?

A

Metabotropic receptors

58
Q

How does cannabis act?

A

It is an agonist.

It effects voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

It often inhibits inhibition (via GABA)

59
Q

What parts of the nervous system does cannabis effect?

A
  • Basal ganglia (movement)
  • Cerebellum (movement)
  • Cerebral cortex (higher cognitive function)
  • Hypothalamus (appetite)
  • Hippocampus (learning, memory, stress)
  • Spinal cord (peripheral sensation including pain)
  • Medulla (nausea/vomiting chemoreceptor trigger zone)
60
Q

True or False:

Drugs can affect what happens in the synaptic cleft.

A

True

Transmitter clearance

61
Q

How do drugs affect what happens in the synaptic cleft?

A

Inhibit reuptake or degradation: more transmitter in the synapse

62
Q

What does cocaine target?

A

Transporter molecules for reuptake of monoamines

63
Q

How does cocaine act?

A

Prevents reuptake, leaving NTs in synapse for extended time

Experience a high (extreme pleasure)

64
Q

What does cocaine block?

A

The dopamine transporter

65
Q

How do drugs get into the system?

A
  • Ingestion
  • Inhalation
  • Peripheral injection
  • Central injection
66
Q

What barrier must drugs pass in order to get into the system?

A

The blood-brain barrier

Separates the CNS from circulatory system

67
Q

What does the brain do to reduce the effects of drugs?

A

Maintenance of homeostasis - drug alters normal functioning and neurons can react to this

68
Q

What is metabolic tolerance?

A

Increased efficiency clearing drug out of body

69
Q

What is functional tolerance?

A

Change within neurons that decrease effectiveness

70
Q

Tolerance can lead to…

A
  • Cross tolerance

- Withdrawal symptoms

71
Q

How can a cell contract an agonist?

A

Down-regulation

72
Q

How can a cell counteract an antagonist?

A

Up-regulation

Neuroscience (5 decks)

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