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Psychology unit 2 > Methodologies > Flashcards

Methodologies Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a laboratory experiment

A
  • conducted under controlled artificial conditions.
  • researcher manipulates the IV whilst measuring the DV
  • conducted under both experimental and control conditions
  • researcher randomly allocates participants to experimental or control conditions
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2
Q

+ of laboratory experiments

A
  • high control: IV definitely caused DV.
  • easy to replicate, so reliability can be checked
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3
Q
  • of laboratory experiments
A
  • demand characteristics
    -low ecological validity
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4
Q

What is a field experiment

A
  • conducted in a natural environment
  • IV manipulated and DV measured.
  • participants unaware they’re being researched
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5
Q

+ of field experiment

A
  • high ecological validity
  • fewer demand characteristics
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6
Q
  • of field experiment
A
  • unethical: participants unaware of research.
  • extraneous variables effect results
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7
Q

What is a quasi experiment/natural experiment

A
  • when a research doesn’t deliberately manipulate an IV, but take advantage of naturally occurring IV. DV may be tested in lab, the field, or online
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8
Q

+ of quasi experiment/natural experiment

A
  • allows research where IV can’t be manipulated for practical or ethical reasons. Range of behaviours can be investigated.
  • allows researchers to investigate real problems, which can help more people in more situations
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9
Q
  • of quasi experiment/natural experiment
A
  • can’t demonstrate casual relationships bcs IV not manipulated directly, so can’t be sure IV caused DV
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10
Q

What is participant observation

A

Researcher takes part in research, joining in with people observed. Doesn’t reveal who they are

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11
Q

+ of participant observation

A
  • less demand characteristics
  • enables research of people who would otherwise be very difficult to observe
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12
Q
  • of participant observation
A
  • observer bias may occur
  • unreliable findings because it’s difficult to take notes during - data relies on memory
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13
Q

What is non-participant observation

A

Observer doesn’t take part but watches and makes notes from distance. Participants unaware of observations

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14
Q

+ of non-participant observation

A
  • less chance of observer bias
  • researchers can see how participants behave rather than relying on self reports - more valid and reliable
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15
Q
  • of non-participant observation
A
  • observer bias may still occur: difficult to make judgements on thoughts and feelings just by watching.
  • unethical because unaware of research
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16
Q

What is correlation

A
  • analyse relationship/association between 2 co-variables.
  • can be shown on scatter graph
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17
Q

+ of correlation

A
  • shows both the direction and strength of a relationship which can then be used to make predictions about behaviour
  • can be used when experiments are inappropriate
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18
Q
  • of correlation
A

-only shows whether there’s a relationship, not how/why covariable are related
- difficult to establish cause and effect using correlation

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19
Q

What is case study

A
  • in depth study of a unique individual, small group or event
  • uses many research methods
  • mostly qualitative but can be quantitative.
  • holistic study and usually longitudinal
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20
Q

+ of case study

A
  • produces rich qualitative data which is of high ecological validity because it’s a real-life situation.
  • allows researchers to study cases they couldn’t practically or ethically manipulate in an experiment
21
Q
  • of case study
A
  • researcher bias - too involved and lose objectivity.
  • difficult to generalise findings beyond the individual/group studied - sample too small
22
Q

What is self reports

A

participant reports info about themselves. E.g interviews, questionnaires, diaries

23
Q

+ of self reports

A
  • offer insight to why people behave like they do (no need to guess)
  • qualitative info can be gathered
24
Q
  • of self reports
A
  • social desirability bias
  • people may not be able to recall accurately, especially if self-report asks for details over extended period
25
Q

What is quantitative data

A

Data that can be measured measured numerically by the psychologist, so statistical analysis can be completed
e.g scores on IQ test

26
Q

+ of quantitative data

A
  • data easy to analyse
  • easier to collect data from large group of participants
27
Q
  • of quantitative data
A
  • loses the human level of behaviour.
  • offers shallow view of behaviour
28
Q

What is qualitative data

A

data that can be observed but not measured numerically. Usually takes form of words, thoughts and feelings

29
Q

+ of qualitative data

A
  • more individualised human view of behaviour
  • provides in depth, detailed data
30
Q
  • of qualitative data
A
  • can be difficult to analyse.
  • data tends to come from a limited range of people
31
Q

What are primary sources

A

Information/data that are directly collected by the researcher first-hand. E.g. collect data through a questionnaire for their research

32
Q

+ of primary sources

A

The researcher can control the format in exactly how data is collected; it will specifically relate to the aims of the research

33
Q
  • of primary sources
A

Data collected may lack validity due to social desirability or demand characteristics

34
Q

What is secondary sources

A

Information sources/data that haven’t been directly collected/created by the research. E.g. content analysis of existing data

35
Q

+ of secondary sources

A

Data produced without the participant knowing the artefact would be used in research could be more valid

36
Q
  • of secondary sources
A

The researcher can’t control the format of how the data is produced or collected.

37
Q

What is content analysis

A
  • type of observational study
  • written or verbal material like magazines, tv programmes are analysed
  • researcher must create coding system which breaks down the information into categories and tally is taken every time material fits theme
38
Q

+ of content analysis

A
  • artefacts already exist, so less demand characteristics
  • can be replicated by others as long as artefacts available to other people
39
Q
  • of content analysis
A
  • observer bias can affect validity of findings; diff observers might interpret meanings of categories differently.
  • can’t draw cause and effect relationship because origin of artefacts in usually unknown
40
Q

What is structured interview

A

-interviewer has pre-prepared set of questions asked in fixed order.
- pre determined questions are used to elicit a verbal response
- similar to a questionnaire that’s answered by participants either face to face or over phone - no deviation from original questions

41
Q

+ of structured interview

A
  • same questions so results easy to analyse
  • replicable, so more reliable
42
Q
  • of structured interview
A
  • can be restrictive because no chance to ask further questions.
  • doesn’t allow for ‘spontaneous questions’ which mean interviewer less responsive to participant
43
Q

What is questionnaire

A
  • set of written questions where answers are analysed by the researcher
  • can produce quantitative or qualitative data/mixture of both
44
Q

+ of questionnaire

A
  • assess psychological variable that may not be obvious by just observing someone.
    -data can be collected from a large group of participants quicker than interviewing them
45
Q
  • of questionnaire
A
  • no guarantee that participant telling truth
  • different participants may interpret question in different wayd
46
Q

What is semi structured interview

A
  • begins with general aim and a few pre-determined questions but subsequent questions develop based on answers given by participant
  • start with predetermined questions but further questions are developed as a response to answers
47
Q

+ of semi structured interview

A
  • more qualitative info can be gathered by the interviewer because they tailor the questions to responses
  • high validity because participants have the opportunity to fully express true feelings/views
48
Q
  • of semi structured interview
A
  • results difficult to analyse and difficult to identify pattern and trends
  • not replicable due to different questions asked each time - unreliable

Psychology unit 2 (8 decks)

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