methodological issues Flashcards
representativeness
a group that closely matches the characteristics of its population as a whole.
generalisability
the accuracy with which results or findings can be transferred to situations or people other than those originally studied
internal reliability
measures how well the test actually measures what it is supposed to measure
external reliability
implies how well the test can be generalized beyond what it is meant for
inter-rater reliability
a way to measure the level of agreement between multiple raters or judges.
test-retest reliability
the extent that a test produces similar results over time
split half reliability
A measure of consistency where a test is split in two and the scores for each half of the test is compared with one another.
internal validity
whether the effects observed in a study are due to the manipulation of the independent variable and not some other factor.
face validity
the extent to which a measurement method appears “on its face” to measure the construct of interest.
construct validity
A type of psychometric validity based on scales intended to measure one or more unobservable psychological factors
concurrent validity
when the criterion is measured at some point in the future (after the construct has been measured)
criterion validity
the extent to which people’s scores on a measure are correlated with other variables (known as criteria) that one would expect them to be correlated with.
external validity
o the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other settings (ecological validity), other people (population validity) and over time (historical validity).
population validity
the extent to which the sample can be generalised to similar and wider populations
ecological validity
a measure of how test performance predicts behaviours in real-world settings
demand characteristics
a subtle cue that makes participants aware of what the experimenter expects to find or how participants are expected to behave.
social desirability
The extent that a person is considered to be a valuable member of a social group
researcher bias
happens when the researcher skews the entire process towards a specific research outcome by introducing a systematic error into the sample data.
observer bias
an experimental bias comprised of errors by a viewer in one direction.
researcher effect
occur when a researcher unintentionally, or unconsciously influences the outcome of any research they are conducting
observer effect
refers to subjects altering their behaviour when they are aware that an observer is present.
what are the 6 ethical considerations
informed consent, right to withdraw, confidentiality, protection of p’s, debrief and deception
validity
informed consent, right to withdraw, confidentiality, protection of p’s, debrief and deception
reliability
the ability of a research study or test to provide the same results after being performed on more than one occasion.
