methodological issues

Question 1

representativeness

Answer 1

a group that closely matches the characteristics of its population as a whole.

Question 2

generalisability

Answer 2

the accuracy with which results or findings can be transferred to situations or people other than those originally studied

Question 3

internal reliability

Answer 3

measures how well the test actually measures what it is supposed to measure

Question 4

external reliability

Answer 4

implies how well the test can be generalized beyond what it is meant for

Question 5

inter-rater reliability

Answer 5

a way to measure the level of agreement between multiple raters or judges.

Question 6

test-retest reliability

Answer 6

the extent that a test produces similar results over time

Question 7

split half reliability

Answer 7

A measure of consistency where a test is split in two and the scores for each half of the test is compared with one another.

Question 8

internal validity

Answer 8

whether the effects observed in a study are due to the manipulation of the independent variable and not some other factor.

Question 9

face validity

Answer 9

the extent to which a measurement method appears “on its face” to measure the construct of interest.

Question 10

construct validity

Answer 10

A type of psychometric validity based on scales intended to measure one or more unobservable psychological factors

Question 11

concurrent validity

Answer 11

when the criterion is measured at some point in the future (after the construct has been measured)

Question 12

criterion validity

Answer 12

the extent to which people’s scores on a measure are correlated with other variables (known as criteria) that one would expect them to be correlated with.

Question 13

external validity

Answer 13

o the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other settings (ecological validity), other people (population validity) and over time (historical validity).

Question 14

population validity

Answer 14

the extent to which the sample can be generalised to similar and wider populations

Question 15

ecological validity

Answer 15

a measure of how test performance predicts behaviours in real-world settings

Question 16

demand characteristics

Answer 16

a subtle cue that makes participants aware of what the experimenter expects to find or how participants are expected to behave.

Question 17

social desirability

Answer 17

The extent that a person is considered to be a valuable member of a social group

Question 18

researcher bias

Answer 18

happens when the researcher skews the entire process towards a specific research outcome by introducing a systematic error into the sample data.

Question 19

observer bias

Answer 19

an experimental bias comprised of errors by a viewer in one direction.

Question 20

researcher effect

Answer 20

occur when a researcher unintentionally, or unconsciously influences the outcome of any research they are conducting

Question 21

observer effect

Answer 21

refers to subjects altering their behaviour when they are aware that an observer is present.

Question 22

what are the 6 ethical considerations

Answer 22

informed consent, right to withdraw, confidentiality, protection of p’s, debrief and deception

Question 23

validity

Answer 23

informed consent, right to withdraw, confidentiality, protection of p’s, debrief and deception

Question 24

reliability

Answer 24

the ability of a research study or test to provide the same results after being performed on more than one occasion.