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Psychology - Year 12 > Method Research > Flashcards

Method Research Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of psychology?

A

The scientific study of human and animal behaviour with the object of understanding why living beings behave the way that they do.

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2
Q

What are the 4 ethical principles?

A
  • Responsibility
  • Respect
  • Integrity
  • Competency
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3
Q

What are the 7 ethical guidlines?

A
  • Competency
  • Confidentiality
  • Deception
  • Debrief
  • Right to withdraw
  • Informed consent
  • Psychological harm
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4
Q

What is replacement?

A

Use alternative methods, protect certain species.

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5
Q

What is refinement?

A

Minimise suffering, enhance welfare.

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6
Q

What is reduction?

A

Use the fewest number of animals as possible.

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7
Q

What is Bateson’s decision cube?

A

It plots the benefit of the research against the cost of the research in terms of animal suffering and the quality of the research.

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8
Q

What is opportunity sampling?

A

Simply selecting those people that are available at the time. EG] Going up to people in cafes and asking them to be interviewed.

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9
Q

What is a strength of opportunity sampling?

A
  • It’s quick and convenient

- It’s economical and most common type of sampling in practise.

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10
Q

What is a weakness of opportunity sampling?

A
  • Unrepresentative samples

- Biased

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11
Q

What is random sampling?

A

Every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected.

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12
Q

What is a strength of random sampling?

A
  • Provides very large samples
  • Best chances of unbased
  • Equal chances of selection
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13
Q

What is a weakness of random sampling?

A
  • Time consuming

- If it’s a small sample it is biased

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14
Q

What is statisfied sampling?

A

Dividing target population into important sub categories. Selecting members in proportion that they occur in the population. EG] 2.5% of British are of an Indian origin, so 2.5% of your sample should be Indian …

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15
Q

What is a strength of stratisfied sampling?

A

Deliberate effort is made to make the sample representative of the target population.

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16
Q

What is a weakness of stratisfied sampling?

A

It can be time consuming as the sub categories have to be identified and proportions calculated.

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17
Q

What is a sample?

A

The participants involved in the research selected from the target population.

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18
Q

What is volunteer sampling?

A

Individuals who have chosen to be in the study. mainly applying via an advert.

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19
Q

What is a strength of volunteer sampling?

A
  • Convient
  • Ethical if it leads to informed consent
  • Access to a large variety of participants, which leads to more representative data samples
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20
Q

What is a weakness of volunteer sampling?

A
  • Unrepresentative as leads to bias on the part of the participant
  • Biased
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21
Q

What is a target population?

A

The total group of people from which a sample can be drawn.

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22
Q

What are matched pairs?

A

Different but similar participants are in each condition of the experiment. Group A and B are matched on a certain trait.

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23
Q

What are repeated measures?

A

The participants repeat the experiment for every condition.

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24
Q

What are independent groups?

A

Different participants in every condition of the experiment.

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25
Q

What is a directional question? [1 tailed]

A
  • States the direction of the difference or correlation
  • Close ended
  • States what the group will do
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26
Q

What is social desirability?

A

When a participant changes their behaviour or response to be seen in a better light [positive view].

27
Q

What are older effects?

A

Effects that occur due to the order the participants experiences during the conditions.

28
Q

What is response bias?

A

When a participant responds to a question in a pattern. EG] A,B,C,A,B,C…

29
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A
  • Opposite to a null hypothesis
  • Predicts no significant difference or correlation
  • Any differences will be due to chance
  • One will be rejected, one will be accepted
30
Q

What is correlation?

A

A way of analysing the relationship between two co variables. It will be used to gain data from other research methods, questionnaire or observation. Presented with scatter graph.

31
Q

What is a strength of a correlation?

A

Identifying correlation can determine whether future additional research needs to take place.

32
Q

What is a weakness of a correlation?

A
  • Researchers can’t establish cause and effect between the 2 variables
  • Can’t assess impact of additional variables
33
Q

What is alternate/alternative hypothesis?

A

The significant difference or correlation you expect to observe.

34
Q

What is an observation?

A

Researcher watches and records participants behaviour without interfering. They can be naturalistic or structured. Theyccan be overt or covert.

35
Q

What is a strength of an observation?

A

Naturalistuic observations are high in ecological validity.

36
Q

What is a weakness of an observation?

A
  • Structural observations may lack ecological validity

- Bias issues

37
Q

What is an interview?

A

Interviewer verbally asks participant a series of questions, either face to face or via phone. They can ask open or closed questions in order to gain quantitative data or qualitative data.

38
Q

What is a strength of an interview?

A

If structure interview is used, data is high in reliability as interview can be easily replicated.

39
Q

What is a weakness of an interview?

A

When unstructured is used, it’s difficult to replicate.

40
Q

What is a field experiment?

A

Takes place in an environment that’s natural to participants.

41
Q

What is a strength of a field experiment?

A
  • A natural setting means that data ia high in ecological validity
  • Participants behaviour will be true to everyday life
42
Q

What is a weakness of a field experiment?

A
  • Researcher has limited control on extraneous variables

- Results shown can be effected by environment

43
Q

What is a lab experiment?

A

They take place in an artificial controlled environment.

44
Q

What is a strength of a lab experiment?

A

Experimenter can control extraneous variables

45
Q

What is a weakness of a lab experiment?

A

Behaviour shown by participants may not reflect their everyday behaviour, meaning data is low in validity.

46
Q

What are conditions?

A

Different variants of the independent variable

47
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

The variable affected by the independent variable, which is measured by the researcher.

48
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A prediction about the results of a study. It’s a testable statement, that can be supported or rejected by research.

49
Q

What is demand characteristics?

A

When a participant changes their behaviour or response in order to please the researcher. Mainly happens when participants try and guess the aim of the research.

50
Q

What is an extraneous variable?

A

Variables that MIGHT impact the results of a study. [DV that aren’t the IV].

51
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

Variables that DID impact the results of a study [DV] that aren’t the IV.

52
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

The variable changed by the researcher.

53
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

Data in a numerical form.

54
Q

What is qualiltative data?

A

Non-numerical data in a descriptive form.

55
Q

How can you test a hypothesis?

A
  • Lab experiment
  • Interview
  • Observation
  • Questionnaire
  • Field experiment
  • Case study
  • Correlational study
  • Analysing secondary data
56
Q

What is a non-directional study? [2 tailed]

A
  • States there will be a difference or correlation but doesn’t suggest the direction
  • Open ended
  • Could go any way
57
Q

What makes a hypothesis SOFT?

A
  • Specific
  • Operationalised
  • Falsifiable
  • Testable
58
Q

What is a C and C writing frame?

A

Claims and components

59
Q

What is SODA writing frame?

A
  • Supporting evidence
  • Opposing evidence
  • Different theory
  • Applications
60
Q

What is independent groups design?

A

When different participants are used in each condition of the independent variable.

61
Q

What is a participant variable?

A

The differing characteristics that may impact how a participant responds in an experiment.

62
Q

What is a situational variable?

A

They can be situational [to do with the setting or task] or ppt [to do with the sample] variables.

63
Q

What is demand characteristics?

A

When a participant changes their behaviour or respons in order to please the researcher. This happens when they guess the aim of the research.

64
Q

What does BPS stand for?

A

British Psychological Study.

Psychology - Year 12 (10 decks)

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