Method Of Construction Flashcards
Guidelines for proper Tree Planting
a hole that is twice as wide as the root ball, and just as deep as the root ball, the holes should support the root ball on firm subsoil with the root flare set at the same level. It has grown a hole that is slightly shallow is better than a hole that is too deep.
Best time of year for planting
Fall
Field Dimension (define)
Dimension that must be measured on site, usually after site elements have been constructed.
Fixed Dimension (define)
Dimension that locates site elements with a high level of accuracy (for legal reasons)
Flexible Dimension (define)
Dimension that has greater tolerance with regard to acceptable levels of accuracy. Use for curvilinear paths and planting beds.
Semifixed Dimension (define)
Dimension located in reference to a fixed dimension (majority of site dimensions)
Floating Dimension
Another name for flexible dimensions
Three catagories of dimensions
fixed, semi-fixed and flexible
Depth of saw cut joints
1/4 (to 1/3) of the depth of the pad.
Two treads and a riser should add to what number
24”-26”
ADA railing height
3’
Function of pavement joints
Allow for expansion and contraction in rigid pavements or join two different materials or abutting slabs
A joint that extends the full depth of type concrete and provides lateral movement between slabs or other fixed structures
Isolation or expansion joints
A joint designed to restrict the cracking of concrete in predetermined locations
Control or contraction joints
A joint that provides places where the casting can be stopped. Tie into adjacent surfaces allowed
Construction joint
Which joints should be filled
All EXCEPT control joints
Limit of Work Line
Establishes the disturbed area perimeter
The purpose of this joint is to prevent movement between two separate pours of concrete. Will be achieved with smooth dowels between the two pours.
Construction joint
This joint is placed anytime there is stoppage in the pouring a concrete during construction.
Construction Joint
Joints used to prevent cracking of the concrete and unwanted areas, do not involve dowels.
Contraction Joints
Joints used between two points of concrete, but involve materials placed between the two pours for the entire depth of the slap.
Isolation Joints
What is mortar comprised of
Water, cement and sand
Maximum grate openings to comply with ADA
1/2” (openings perpendicular to traffic may be larger)
Type of design intervention to treat point and nonpoint pollution and control runoff
Constructed wetlands
Cut and fill calculation method that can be used to calculate volume in water bodies
Contour area method
A slope where the contour lines are spaced at increasing distances in the downhill direction is
Concave slope
A slope where the contour lines are spaced at increasing distances in the uphill direction is
Convex
The process of computing intermeadiate values between two points is known as
Interpolation
Primary activities that should happen onsite prior to site grading
- protection of vegetation and existing site features
- topsoil removal and storage
- Erosion and sediment control
- Clearing and demolition
Plans that might include soil boring data
Existing conditions
Which drawing should show the trees to be removed, thinned or protected?
Site protection plan
Types of construction damage that can happen to existing trees (4)
Physical damage to the above ground portions
Physical damage to the root system
Chemical damage to a tree’s root system
Soil compaction within the critical root zone of a tree
Types of erosion control measures (3)
Erosion control matting and blankets
Bio-technical / vegetative stabilization
Soil Adhesives and Geotextiles
Matting and Blankets, Vegetative Stabilization and soil adhesives and Geotextiles are examples of what?
Erosion control measures
A protective covering of natural and/or man-made materials used to stabilize and protect disturbed soils from surface erosions and to provide stabilization of steep slopes, channels and shorelines.
Erosion control matting and blankets
Bio-technical / vegetative Stablization
Utilizing plantings of grasses and shrubs to prevent surface erosion, can also include the use of live woody cuttings to provide soil reinforcement
Live staking, live fasciae’s, brushlayering, branch packing, live crib walls, fibre rolls, log terraces are all examples of what?
Bio-technical stabilization (for erosion control)
Erosion Control
is used to reduce or eliminate conditions that lead to erosion. In short, they are aimed at keeping soil in place.
Sediment control
Sediment control is used to minimize the off-site transport of sediments in runoff where and when erosion occurs.
Avoidance, Minimization and Compensation are examples of what?
Mitigation Strategies
Mitigation Strategies (3)
Avoidance, minimization and compensation
Type of mitigation strategy typically includes utilizing preventative measures to stop negative impacts on the existing environment.
Avoidance
What type of mitigation strategies would be employed during early project planning?
Avoidance Strategies
Siting development away from an evironmentally sensitive areas or removing project elements that result in adverse impacts would be examples of what type of mitigation strategy?
Avoidance strategy
How would minimization strategies be utilized in mitigation plans
Redesign elements of a project and employing supplementary measures to manage impacts of the project design
Mitigation strategy which occurs when adverse impacts are unavoidable (typically the option of last resort)
Compensation Strategies
examples of compensation strategies
Rehabilitation, restoration, and replacement
Information requirements of an Environmental Assessment (EA) or an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS):
Description of the Project and Determination of Scope
Development of Project Alternatives
Documentation of the Affected Environment
Evaluation of Environmental Consequences
Development of Mitigation Measures
Circulation of Documents for Review
Completion of the Environmental Review Process
Project types may require an Environmental Assessment (EA) or an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) if they affect these areas
Examples can include projects affecting wetlands, national parks, airports, interstate highways, and federal buildings (e.g., courthouse, agency headquarters).
Of an Environmental Assessment (EA) or an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) may be required, which is more complex and comprehensive document.
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
Compaction technique for clay soils
Sheepsfoot roller
The Standard Proctor Test and the Modified Proctor Test are examples of what.
Two standardized test procedures are commonly used to determine soil density and evaluate compaction
How do The Standard Proctor Test and the Modified Proctor Test differ.
These tests differ primary in the amount of energy applied to the soil during the test, with the Modified Proctor Test using more energy, thus resulting in a higher degree of compaction. They are based on the maximum potential density at optimum moisture content when a standard compressive force is applied to a sample in the laboratory.
Thus, “85 percent Proctor” indicates that the soil density is what
85 percent of its maximum density.
Compaction technique for Fine sands and silts
Heavy rubber-tired roller
Compaction techniques for Sandy soils
Vibratory steel drum equipment (vibration re-arranges the particles)
What will impact the degree of compaction a soil can receive
Moisture content
When is average end area method useful?
Used to calculate linear earth works earthwork
What cut and fill calculation method is best for calculating volumes of water in lakes and ponds
Contour method / contour area method
Batter in retaining walls
refers to angling the face of the wall toward the material being retained, and it is typically used to enhance the structural capability of the wall (specifically against overturning).
Small walls are typically built without batter, and larger walls will typically have a batter of between 6:1 and 12:1. Batter also counteracts the optical illusion that a tall, straight wall is tilting away from the slope.
What aspect of a retaining wall should be located above the water table
All wall foundations and footings
How should a retaining wall be located in relation to the frost line
Foundations for rigid retaining walls should be set so that the base rests below the frost line, with the top of footing typically set at the frost line
Common height and reasoning for retaining walls
The height of retaining walls used on landscape projects is typically less than 4 feet high due to code and licensing restrictions
Retaining walls that do not need to extend below the frost line
Foundations for flexible retaining structures do not need to extend below the frost line (provided that they are built on a well-drained and level sub-base with adequate bearing capacity)
How to measure the height of a retaining wall and why
Retaining walls should be measured from the top of the wall to the bottom of the footer. Note that one of the primary reasons to do so is to acquire an accurate understanding of how much material will be required to construct the wall in question
Soil bear capacity will determine what about a retaining wall
A soil’s bearing capacity determines the width of a footing (if required) and method of wall construction for a retaining wall
All surface water should be directed away from retaining walls to the greatest extent possible to avoid what?
infiltration into the backfill or subgrade of the wall
What is required on all reinforced embankments to divert stormwater
All reinforced embankments should be protected with a check swale at the top of the slope (running parallel to the slope) to divert stormwater from running over the face of the structure.
Retaining wall types (3)
Gravity, Cantilever, Counterfort
Expansion joints are included on which types of retaining walls
Rigid walls (cast-in-place concrete). Spaced no more than 30’ apart from one another
Types of retaining walls most commonly used for walls 4’ and under
Gravity walls
Retaining walls constructed of monolithic concrete, concrete masonry units, dry-laid stone, stone masonry with mortar joints, or a modular gravity wall system (such as a Gabion) are examples of what type of retaining wall
Gravity Walls
Retaining walls most commonly used for walls 4-10 feet
Cantilever Walls
Type of retaining wall to use buttresses to add additional support against compressive stress. Typically used in very tall structures (over 15 feet)
Counterfort walls
Components of retaining wall drainage that should always be included (3)
Continuous back drain
Weep holes
Waterproofing
In what case would you not include weep holes in a retaining wall
If the wall itself is pourous such as in a gabion wall
A continuous back drain consists of two parts
1) 4 - 6 inch vertical layer of crushed stone or washed gravel adjacent to back of wall
2) A longitudinal drain surrounded by gravel and running the length of the wall
Three forces causing failure of retaining walls
Settling
Sliding
Overturning
What is the most common type of retaining wall failure
Settling
What type of wall failure occurs due to the pressure on the wall’s footing exceeding the bearing capacity of the foundation soil
Settling
Type of retaining wall failure that occurs when the force of soil pressure overcomes the frictional resistance created by the weight of the wall
Sliding
What design flaw will typically cause sliding failure in a retaining wall
Occurs when the load above the retaining wall exceeds the design capacity of the wall.
What causes overturning in retaining walls
Overturning occurs when soil pressure overcomes the weight of the wall
Silt fences are best used for what type of runoff
Sheet flow
Effluent runoff (Define)
Batter (in retaining wall construction)
(define)
Purposed of mortar
To create joints that attach things together
Purpose of grout
To fill gaps
Difference between mortar and grout
Level of water mixed in (grout is higher)
What are the components of mortar or grout
Cement, water, and fine aggregate such as sand
Drawings where spot elevations will always be included
Site Survey
Grading and Drainage Plan
Under typical conditions, how long does concrete take to reach full strength
28 days
What do the numbers on rebar refer to
The diameter, each number represents 1/8 of a interval of the diameter
Bio retention areas should be created during which point of construction
Late, after site is stabilized to avoid sedimentation flowing into the areas
primary determinant of the width of a retain wall’s footing
soil bear capacity
As a general rule the finished grade of the landscape should relate to the finished floor elevation of a structure how?
Finished 1” below the finished floor elevation
