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Cc Lec (2) > Method Eval > Flashcards

Method Eval Flashcards

1
Q

The measure of center, spread and shape.

A

Descriptive statistics

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2
Q

Assessment of data dispersion, or spread, allows
laboratorians to assess the predictability (and the
lack of) in a laboratory test or measurement.

A

Descriptive statistics

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3
Q

Most commonly used and often measure

A

Mean

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4
Q

Mean is also called as

A

Average

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5
Q

Add all the given value, then divide it to the number of the values

A

Mean

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6
Q

is used in many statistical
formulas.

A

Summation sign

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7
Q

the mean of a specific dataset is
called

A

X or x bar

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8
Q

The “middle” point and is often used with skewed
data so its calculation is not significantly affected
by outliers.

A

Median

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9
Q

It is the middle of the data after the data have been
rank ordered.

A

Median

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10
Q

It is the value that divides the data in
half.

A

Median

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11
Q

values are rank ordered
from least to greatest and the middle value is
selected.

A

Median

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12
Q

Rarely used as a measure of the data’s center but is
more often used to describe data that seem to
have two centers

A

Mode

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13
Q

Mode is also called as

A

Bimodal

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14
Q

is the most frequently occurring value in
a data set.

A

Mode

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15
Q

it is seldom used to describe
data

A

Mode

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16
Q

it is referred to when in reference to the
shape of data, a bimodal distribution

A

Mode

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17
Q

it is referred to when in reference to the
shape of data, a bimodal distribution

A

Mode

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18
Q

There are four commonly used
descriptions of spread:

A

Range
Standard deviation
Coefficient of variation
Standard deviation index

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19
Q

It is a common type of distribution for variable

A

Bell curve/ normal distribution/ gaussian curve

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20
Q

The easiest measure of spread to understand

A

Range

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21
Q

is simply the largest value in the data
minus the smallest value, which represents the
extremes of data one might encounter.

A

Range

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22
Q

is often a good measure of dispersion
for small samples of data.

A

Range

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23
Q

is one description of the spread of data.

A

Range

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24
Q

It is simply
the difference between the highest and lowest data
points

A

Range

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25
Q

To calculate the SD of a dataset, it is easiest to first
determine the variance

A

Variance

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26
Q

is similar to the mean in that it is an
average.

A

Variance

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27
Q

is the average of the squared distances of
all values from the mean:

A

Variance

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28
Q
  • is the most frequently used measure of variation.
A

Standard deviation

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29
Q

is the square root of variance

A

Standard deviation

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30
Q

Standard deviation is called

A

s, SD or σ

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31
Q

Another way of expressing SD is in terms of the

A

Coefficient of variation

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32
Q

is calculated by dividing the SD by
the mean and multiplying by 100 to
express it as a percentage:

A

Coefficient of variation

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33
Q

Formula of Coefficient of variation

A

CV= (SD/M)x 100

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34
Q

the __________ the STANDARD DEVIATION (SD) is and
the LOWER the COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION (CV) is,
the MORE PRECISE the data is.

A

LOWER

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35
Q

the LOWER the STANDARD DEVIATION (SD) is and
the LOWER the COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION (CV) is,
the MORE ___________ the data is.

A

PRECISE

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36
Q

preferably used to determine errors/variations

A

Levey-Jennings Chart

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37
Q

Solution For accuracy

A

Standard solution

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38
Q

A solution of known characteristics and of known
value or whose concentration is
accurately known

A

Standard solution

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39
Q

It is composed of one known constituent only and
used as a basis of reference for the calculation of
the value of the unknown.

A

Standard solution

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40
Q

100% pure solution

A

Standard solution

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41
Q

Serve as a reference for unknown

A

Standard solution

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42
Q

Choose the standard nearest to the unknown

A

Standard solution

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43
Q

purity of standard solution

A

100% +0.02%

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44
Q

Concentration of the unknown

A

Standard solution

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45
Q

For precision solution

A

Control solution

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46
Q

A solution (either commercially or non-
commercially prepared) composed of several
known constituents which can be run
simultaneously with the test to check the accuracy
of the results.

A

Control solution

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47
Q

Stable for a long period of time

A

Control solution

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48
Q

2 forms control solution

A

Liquid or lyophilized

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49
Q

WHEN TO PERFORM
QUALITY CONTROL

A
  • Beginning of each shift (Daily testing)
  • New instrument
  • After an instrument is serviced
  • When reagent lots are changed
  • After calibration and
  • Whenever patient results seem inappropriate

*Lot number changes annually
*Calibration must be followed by control

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50
Q

A solution without the specimen.

A

Blank solution

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51
Q

It sets the spectrophotometer reading to zero.

A

blank solution

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52
Q

Distilled water as reagent blank
vs. Specific reagent per analyte

A

Blank solution

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53
Q

Three types blank solution

A

Water blank
Sample blank
Reagents blank

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54
Q

Type of Blank solution remove interference

A

Sample blank

55
Q

e.g. of interference sample balnk

A

Hemoglobin - hemolysis
Lipid- turbidity
Bilirubin- increase

56
Q

Type of blank solution set reading to zero, for
correcting color interference

A

Reagent blank

57
Q

Errors in Quality Control

A

Variation

58
Q

The fundamental basis of any statistical analysis.

A

Mechanial problems
Contaminated reagent
Technical errors

59
Q

The mathematical result when the summation of data is divided by the total number of
data

A

Arithmetic value or mean or average

60
Q

It is the statement of the extent of variation in any series of measurement

A

Standard deviation

61
Q

It is a measure of the distribution range of values around the mean value or average

A

Standard deviation

62
Q

Measure of spread of data.

A

Standard deviation

63
Q

It is the percentile expression of the mean which is measure of the relative magnitude of
variability.

A

Coefficient of variation

64
Q
  • It is the ratio of the standard deviation over the mean expressed in percent
A

Coefficient of variation

65
Q

It is a statement of variability and measures the significant differences between groups of
data.

A

Variance

66
Q

Most commonly used histogram/charts

A

Shewhart-levey jenning chart

67
Q

Shewhart-jevey jenning chart also known as

A

Levey-jenning chart, s-l/j or dot chart

68
Q

It will group any series of measurement in the same sample in
a cluster around the mean in a bell shaped curve

A

gaussian curve

69
Q

Histogram show the confidence limit

A

Gaussian curve

70
Q

Gaussian curve also known as

A

Gaussian distribution curve, normal
distribution curve

71
Q

Gaussian curve is commonly known as

A

Bell-shaped curve

72
Q

Plotted with the accumulated differences from the mean of
individual values with the middle value being zero.

A

Cumulative sum graph

73
Q

Value is zero and not the mean.

A

Cumulative sum graph

74
Q

Cumulative sum graph also known as

A

Cusum graph

75
Q

Histogram/chart with x and y axis

A

Youden plot

76
Q

A 2-mean chart drawn at right angles to one another with the
one set of values on one axis another set of values on the other
axis.

A

Youden plot

77
Q

Youden plot also known as

A

Twin plot, two mean chart or two way average chart

78
Q

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS: when the values of the control fall within the confidence limit

A

In control

79
Q

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS: when the values of the control fall outside the confidence limit.

A

Out control

80
Q

Westgard rule Developed by

A

James westgard

81
Q

uses a multiple QC procedure as decision criteria to
determine if an analytic run is in control

A

Westgard rules

82
Q

States that 1 controlled value
exist ± 2 standard deviation from the
mean.

A

1 2 s

83
Q

Serves as a warning rule that
will alert the med tech for possible
problem

A

1 2s error

84
Q

States that 1 controlled value
exist ± 2 standard deviation from the
mean.

A

1 2s error

85
Q

States that 4 consecutive controlled
values exceeds ± 1 standard deviation
and on the same side of the mean

A

4 1s error

86
Q

2 consecutive controlled values
exceed the same limit, either +2SD
or -2SD

A

2 2s error

87
Q

1 controlled value is greater than - 2
SD; other value exceeds + 2 SD

A

R 4s error

88
Q

The numerical difference
between this 2 controlled values
within the same run exceeds 4 SD

A

R 4s error

89
Q

10 consecutive controlled
value lies in the same side of the
mean

A

10x error

90
Q

No requirement as to the size of SD

A

10x error

91
Q

Violation of the rule
is associated with: 1 2s error

A

None

92
Q

Violation of the rule
is associated with: 1 3s error

A

Random error

93
Q

Violation of the rule
is associated with: 4 1s error

A

Systematic error

94
Q

Violation of the rule
is associated with: 2 2s error

A

Systematic error

95
Q

Violation of the rule
is associated with: R 4s error

A

Random error

96
Q

Violation of the rule
is associated with: 10x error

A

Systematic error

97
Q

is formed by controlled
values that is either increase or
decrease for at least 6 consecutive
days

A

Trend

98
Q

This indicates a gradual loss of
reliability in the test system

A

Trend

99
Q

Formed by controlled values that
distribute themselves on one side of
the mean for at least 6 consecutive
days

A

Shift

100
Q

Represents sudden or abrupt
change in the test system
performance

A

Shift

101
Q

Trend main cause

A

deterioration of
reagent

102
Q

Shift main cause

A

improper calibration
of machine

103
Q

Range of values for a given constituent in healthy individuals (normal value)

A

Reference value

104
Q

Set of numbers indicating range and values one would expect in a defined population with no apparent clinical problems

A

Reference value

105
Q

Concept of Gaussian distribution can be directly applied to the discussion of reference values

A

Reference value

106
Q

POINT OF CARE TECHNIQUE
Objectives:

A

– 1. Define point of care testing
– 2. Explain what basic structure is required to manage POCT team
– 3. List the common POC applications

107
Q

is defined as medical testing at or near the site of patient
care.

A

Point of care testing

108
Q

The driving notion behind POCT is to bring the test conveniently and immediately to the
patient.

A

Point of care testing

109
Q

This increases the likelihood that the patient, physician, and care team will receive the
results quicker, which allows for immediate clinical management decisions to be mad

A

Point of care testing

110
Q

POCT includes:

A

-blood glucose testing,
-blood gas and electrolytes analysis,
-rapid coagulation testing,
-rapid cardiac markers diagnostics,
-drugs of abuse screening,
-urine strips testing, etc.

111
Q

Support staff:

A
  1. Director
  2. Point-of-care coordinator
  3. Designated contacts or trainers in
    non-laboratory departments
112
Q

a laboratory scientist or pathologist with a PhD, MD, or DO degree usually
fills this position.

A

Director

113
Q

the POCC coordinator is responsible for implementing and coordinating
point- of care patient testing and facilitating compliance with procedures
and policies and regulatory requirements.

A

Point of care coordinator

114
Q

for each units/floor/clinic that performs POCT, it is important to have a
designated contact person or trainer.

A

Designated contacts or trainers in
non-laboratory departments

115
Q

This person greatly facilitates the efficient POCT program and is a
communication link between the POCC and the testing staff

A

Designated contacts or trainers in
non-laboratory departments

116
Q

Is the consistent use of the same instrument/reagent/test method for any particular
analyte throughout the designated health care system

A

Standardization

117
Q

Standardization produces the following benefits:

A

> Improved patient care
Decrease cost
Saves work in time
Facilitates regulatory compliance

118
Q

Committees Communication:

A

Networking

119
Q

Committees Selection of device and methods:

A

review multiple options

120
Q

Implementation

A

o Instrument manual
o Package inserts for reagent
o Package inserts for quality controls
o Materials safety data sheet
o Sample procedure from vendor

121
Q

Procedure/Policy

A

• Principle
• Specimen
• Reagents
• Maintenance
• Power

122
Q

Training Checklist

A

▪ Maintenance
▪ Reagents
▪ QC
▪ Reporting results
▪ Safety

123
Q

Point-of-care applications

A

Point-of-care glucose
Point-of-care chemistries and blood gases
Point-of-care coagulation
Point-of-care hematology
Point-of-care connectivity

124
Q

is the highest volume POC test in most healthcare institutions.

A

POC glucose

125
Q
  • most frequently electrolytes and/or blood gases.
A

POC blood gas

126
Q
  • the most common POC coagulation test is activated clotting time (ACT)
A

POC coagulation

127
Q

POC coagulation - the most common POC coagulation test is _______________ (ACT)

A

activated clotting time

128
Q
  • at the present time, only minimal hematology POCT has been available.
A

POC hematology

129
Q

The spun hematocrit was the most common POC hematology test.

A

POC hematology

130
Q

was the most common POC hematology test.

A

spun hematocrit

131
Q

connectivity has been the most significant recent development in POCT.

A

POC connectivity

132
Q

Accuracy under only

A

Validation

133
Q

Precision under

A

– Sensitivity and specificity
– Reportable range/linearity
– Reference range
– Split-sample correlation vs reference method

Cc Lec (2) (4 decks)

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