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Cc Lec (2) > introduction Clinical Chem > Flashcards

introduction Clinical Chem Flashcards

1
Q

It is a branch of laboratory medicine that is concerned with the quantitative measurement of analytes in body fluids to facilitate the diagnosis of diseases.

A

Clinical chem

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2
Q

Analytes: given atleast (5)

A

Proteins
Enzymes
Metabolites
Drugs
Ions
salts
minerals

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3
Q

Several types of proteins:

A

Transport protein
Protein that fight for infection
Organic specific protein
Enzymes

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4
Q

Monitor effect of treatment by nothing changes in specific parameters

A

Measurement of Serum Cholesterol level, months after taking cholesterol lowering drugs.

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5
Q

is a quantitative science.

A

Clinical chemistry

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6
Q

It is concerned with measurement of amounts of biologically important substances in body fluids

A

Analytes

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7
Q

The methods to measure these substances are carefully designed to provide accurate assessments of the concentrations.

A

Clinical chemistry

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8
Q

All of the analytes have their own reference method.
Glucose:

A

Hexokinase

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9
Q

All of the analytes have their own reference method.

HbA1C:

A

High-performance liquid
chromatography

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10
Q

is defined as the gold standard or the best method to measure such concentrations of the analytes.

A

Reference methods

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11
Q

According to Bishop, we must test at least 200 patients for us to be able to derive a
correct reference value.

A

Reference value

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12
Q

is where the medical
diagnosis are being get.

A

Reference value

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13
Q

to provide diagnostic and clinical meaning for the values.

A

Medical Decision Level (MDL)

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14
Q

itlinkstheknowledgeof general chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry with an understanding of human physiology; leads the foundation of all the
sciences involved in the program.

A

Science

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15
Q

it produces objective evidence from which medical decisions may be made; it is where we acquire
the results

A

Service

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16
Q

clinicallaboratoriesare
businesses, which operate under the regulations and practices that guide commerce in the United States.

A

Industry

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17
Q

Computer Also known as

A

Laboratory information systems/ hospital information systems

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18
Q

Importantinstoringthedataofthe
patients

A

Computer

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19
Q

4 fundamental biomolecules:

A

Proteins
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Glucose

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20
Q

composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms

A

Lipids

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21
Q

composedof carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

A

Carbohydrates

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22
Q

composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms

A

Protein

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23
Q

Termed as automated analyzers

A

Instrumentation

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24
Q

Used to measure the concentration of analytes

A

Instrument

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25
Q

monitors the amount of substance or
drugs in the body

A

Therapeutic drug monitoring

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26
Q

Give example of Pharmacology

A

Cardiac drug
Antidepression drug
Drugs

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27
Q

Different hormones for the specific
diagnosis of the function on the specific organ

A

Endocrinology

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28
Q

Overlapping with the machines of
clinical chemistry

A

Immunology

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29
Q

screening of drugs of abuse

A

Forensic toxicologists

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30
Q

Ana Chem and Clinical are both quantitative science which means they measure the amount of
substances.

A

Analytical chemistry

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31
Q

Diagnosis of Glucose

A

Diabetes mellitus

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32
Q

Diagnosis of Glucose

A

Diabetes mellitus

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33
Q

Glucose core test

A

FastingBloodSugar
RandomBloodSugar
2-hourpostprandial
OralGlucoseToleranceTest(OGTT)

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34
Q

Renal function tests non protein nitrogen

A

Urea, Creatinine, and Uric Acid

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35
Q

Used to measure/assess the
functions of the kidney

A

Renal function test

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36
Q

Renal function test also known as

A

Kidney function test

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37
Q

Liver/Hepatic function panel test for

A

Bilirubin, Albumin, Total protein, ALP, AST, ALT

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38
Q

Bilirubin test for

A

o Totalbilirubin
o Directbilirubin(B2)
o Indirectbilirubin(B1)

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39
Q

AlbuminandTotalProtein test

A

o Testcollectively
o Total Protein, Albumin, Globulin and A/G ratio (TPAG)

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40
Q

Used for the management of heart
disease or cardiac, coronary artery disease etc.

A

Lipid profile

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41
Q

Enzymes example

A

Amylase
Lipase
Creatinine kinase

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42
Q

Marker of liver problems

A

Enzymes

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43
Q

Aspartate aminotransferase also known as

A

SGOT

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44
Q

Alanine Transaminase
also known as

A

SGPT

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45
Q

used for the diagnosis of MI or myocardial infarction (heart attack)

A

Creatinine kinase

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46
Q

Body hydration

A

Electrolytes

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47
Q

Electrolytes example

A

Sodium
Potassium
Chlorine

48
Q

SPECIALIZED TESTS

A

Hormones
Specific proteins
Trace elements
Vitamins
Drugs
Lipoprotein

49
Q

3 under Hormones

A

TSH(Thyroid-StimulatingHormone)
FT3(FreeTriiodothyronine)
FT4(Freethyroxin)

50
Q

Ovarian hormones

A

Progesterone, Estrogen, testosterone

51
Q

Drugs example

A

Vancomycin
Theophylline
Dioxin

52
Q

Drugs that is anti-cardiacglove

A

Dioxin

53
Q

transport substances in the blood

A

Lipoproteins

54
Q

3 reasons why they are considered as special test:

A

Less frequently performed

Costprohibitive

sent out to bigger
laboratories

55
Q

COMMON ANALYTES IN THE CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

A

Ions, Salts, and Minerals

Small Organic Molecules

Large Molecules

56
Q

are analytes for metabolism.

A

Metabolites

57
Q

Most common specimen used in clinical chem

A

Blood

58
Q

Blood method of collection:

A. Adult:
B. Infant:

A

A. Adult:Venipuncture
B. Infant:Skinpuncture/Heelprick

59
Q

Blood Site:
A. Adult:
B. Infant:

A

A. Adult:antecubitalfossa
B. Infant: side of the heel/plantar
heel

60
Q

Forms of Blood

A

Wholeblood
Plasma
Serum

61
Q

Liquid portion of unclotted blood

A

Plasma

62
Q

Liquid portion of clotted blood

A

Serum

63
Q

Additive is anticoagulant

A

Plasma

64
Q

Component that present in plasma but absent in serum:

A

Fibrinogen or factor 1

65
Q

The act of drawing a blood sample from a
blood vessel. For clinical chemistry testing blood is usually drawn from a vein, typically a vein in the arm or back of the hand.

A

Phlebotomy

66
Q

Collecting blood from a vein is called

A

Venipuncture

67
Q

The medical professional drawing the blood sample is called a

A

Phlebotomist

68
Q

most commonly used because it is the most anchored/supported vein

A

Median

69
Q

second most common because it has a tendency to roll

A

Cephalic

70
Q

third choice because it has a close proximity to branchial artery.

A

Basilic

71
Q

deoxygenated blood from vein

A

Dark red

72
Q

oxygenated blood from artery

A

Bright red

73
Q

Use for evaluating kidney functions and test that look at waste products excreted by kidneys.

A

Urine

74
Q

Indication of kidney function:

A

Urination of protein

75
Q

Urine Method of collection:

A

Midstream specimen

76
Q

Urine For chemistry testing:

A

24 hour urine

77
Q

is clear and colorless fluid surrounding brain and spinal cord.

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

78
Q

CSF Formed in the

A

Choroid plexus

79
Q

CSF Collected in

A

3-4 or 4-5 column

80
Q

CSF Method of collection:

A

Lumbar tap
Spinal tap
Lumbar puncture

81
Q

CSF Intended for:

A

Meningitis
CSF leakage

82
Q

CSF COLLECTION IS DONE USING 3-4 TUBES: 1 tube

A

Clinical Chemistry or Serology

83
Q

CSF COLLECTION IS DONE USING 3-4 TUBES: 2 tube

A

Microbiology

84
Q

CSF COLLECTION IS DONE USING 3-4 TUBES: 3 tube

A

Hematoloy

85
Q

CSF COLLECTION IS DONE USING 3-4 TUBES: 4tube

A

Histopathology/ cytology/ serology/ special test

86
Q

Csf tube that Diagnosis of malignancy/benign cancer

A

4 tube

87
Q

Why Clinical Chemistry is included in the first tube? I

A

1 tube is unstrerile

88
Q

Microbiology Mostcommonskincontaminant:

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

89
Q

OTHER BODY FLUIDS

A
  1. PLEURAL FLUID - Thoracentesis
  2. PERICARDIAL FLUID
  3. PERITONEAL FLUID – paracentesis; also known
    as acetic fluid
  4. AMNIOTIC FLUID
  5. SYNOVIAL FLUID
90
Q

is excessive amniotic fluid
surrounding the fetus.

A

Polyhydraminos

91
Q

FLUIDS TYPICALLY USED FOR CLINICAL CHEMISTRY TESTS

A

Blood (whole blood, serum, or plasma)
Urine
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Amniotic fluid
Saliva
Synovial fluid
Pericardial fluid
Pleural fluid
Peritoneal fluid

92
Q

quality standards for all clinical laboratories to ensure accuracy, reliability and timeliness of patient test results regardless of where the test was performed

A

Clinical laboratory improvement amendments

93
Q

defines clinical laboratories broadly

A

Clinical laboratory improvement amendments

94
Q

Clinical laboratory improvement amendment current name

A

Clinical and laboratory safety institute

95
Q

Two Levels of Regulations

A

Waived test and nonwaived test

96
Q

simple laboratory examinations and procedures that are cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for home use

A

Waived test

97
Q

moderately and highly complex tests as defined by the requirements for operator skill, reagent preparation, and automation and the difficulty of interpretation of results. These are regulated under guidelines that cover quality standards for proficiency testing (PT), patient test management, quality control, personnel qualifications, and quality assurance.

A

Non Waived test

98
Q

a system of comparing one laboratory result to the result of the other laboratory.

A

Proficiency test

99
Q

PhilippinesReferenceLaboratorythat tests for all clinical analytes:

A

Lung center of the Philippines

100
Q

Found that urea, an ‘organic’ substance, could be synthesized in vitro without any ‘vital force’ or living
organism.

A

Friedrich Woḧ ler

101
Q

discovered that urea
could be produced by evaporating an isomeric solution of ammonium cyanate.

A

Friedrich wohler

102
Q

Person that This work removed the requirement for any mysterious ‘vital force’ that separated in vivo biochemistry from in vitro chemistry.

A

Friedrich wohler

103
Q

Who looked back on experiments of
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier in
pneumatic chemistry.

A

Henry bence jones

104
Q

Bence jones proteinuria cam from

A

Henry bence jones

105
Q

Who stated “few and scanty, indeed, are the rays of light which chemistry has flung on
the vital mysteries.”

A

Robert james graves

106
Q

Who complained that clinicians do not use their chemistry laboratory services except when needed for “luxurious embellishment for a clinical lecture.”

A

Max Josef von Pettenkofer

107
Q

When urine test for diabetes and carbohydrate investigation started

A

1815

108
Q

Who was the first used the term “ clinical chemical laboratory (klinisch chemischem
Laboratorium)

A

John joseph scherer

109
Q

an outstanding clinical chemist able
to give an excellent interpretation of analytical results obtained from in body fluids. Published a book in 1932 along with John P. Peeters entitled Clinical Chemistry.

A

Donald D. van Slyke

110
Q

He is also the founder of Modern Clinical Chemistry.

A

Donald D. van Slyke

111
Q

invented the first Technicon Auto
Analyzer

A

dr. Leonard skeggs

112
Q

Crude techniques but advances to understand the living material were made despite limitations. What century

A

19 century

113
Q

Year Radioisotopes were used in assay
Scintillation counting device

A

1970

114
Q

During 1970 they tested the alpha, beta, and gamma using ________

A

radioisotopes

115
Q

During 1970 they tested the alpha, beta, and gamma using ________

A

radioisotopes

Cc Lec (2) (4 decks)

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