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Cc Lec (2) > Aubf > Flashcards

Aubf Flashcards

1
Q

What are the urinary system

A

Kidney
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra

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2
Q

where urine is formed by FILTRATION of
blood

A

Kidney

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3
Q

carry the urine to the bladder

A

Ureter

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4
Q

stores the urine produced

A

Bladder

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5
Q

delivers the urine for EXCRETION

A

Urethra

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6
Q

Major function of kidney is the ___________ of ________; Urinary system is also called _________________

A

Filtration of blood; excretory system

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7
Q

Kidney’s function:

A

Mainting homeostasis
Excretion of waste product
Maintaing blood pressure

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8
Q

is the production of RBCs.

A

Erythropoeisis

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9
Q

is mainly released by the kidneys

A

Erythropoeitin

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10
Q

If the kidney is damaged, there is low _________ and ___________

A

Hemocratic and hemoglobin

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11
Q

The functional unit of the kidney; Approximately __________________ each kidney

A

Nephron; 1 to 1.5 million

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12
Q

is basically connected to the ability of the kidney to clear waste products

A

Nephron

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13
Q

Low blood production can lead to __________

A

blood transfusion

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14
Q

Parts of nephron

A

Glomerulus/renal corpucles (capillary tuft)
Bowman’s capsule
Proximal convoluted tubular
Loop of henle (ascending/descending)
Distal convoluted tubular
Afferent arteriole (portal of entry/ unfiltered)
Efferent arteriole (portal of exit / filtered)
Peritubular capillary (proximal and distal convoluted tubular)
Vasa recta (ascending/descending)

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15
Q

_______________ and ________________ are maintained which is controlled by nephrons

A

Body’s essential water and electrolyte balance

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16
Q

as blood flows into each nephron, it will enter a tiny blood vessel (glomerulus)

A

Glomerulus

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17
Q

participates in the filtration of
blood from glomerular capillaries

A

Bowman’s capsule

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18
Q

reabsorption happens here; give the reabsoption materials that are included:

A

Proximal convoluted tubular; sugar, sodium chloride, ions and water

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19
Q

principle function is mainly involved with the recovery of water and sodium chloride from the urine

A

Loop of henle

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20
Q

regulates extracellular fluid and maintain
electrolyte homeostasis

A

Distal convoluted tubular

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21
Q

provide immediate reabsorption of essential substances from the fluid.
In here, the final adjustments happen when it comes to urinary composition.

A

Peritubular capillary

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22
Q

major exchange of water and salt takes place in line with this particular area of____________, maintains the ____________ or __________ concentration of urine

A

Vasa recta; concentration or gradient

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23
Q

2 types of nephron

A

Cortical nephron
Juxtamedullary

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24
Q

Approximately ____________; Responsible for removal of waste products reabsorption

A

Cortical nephron; 85%

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25
Q

Approximately __________ ; Primary function
concentration of the urine

A

Juxtamedullary nephron

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26
Q

4 Renal function

A

Renal blood flow
Glomerular filter
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

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27
Q

The ___________ receive a large blood flow (25%); what renal function is responsible to this

A

Renal blood flow; kidney

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28
Q

Renal blood flow : ______________ supplies blood to the kidney.

A

RENAL ARTERY

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29
Q

Based on of average body size of ________ in terms of renal blood flow

A

1.73m^2

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30
Q

TOTAL RENAL BLOOD FLOW:

A

1200 mL/min

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31
Q

TOTAL RENAL PLASMA FLOW:

A

600 to 700 mL/min

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32
Q

Served as a sieve or a filter of plasma substances with molecular weight of __________

A

Glomerulus : less than 70,000

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33
Q

Glomerulus Consists of coil of approx. _____________ referred to as _________

A

eight capillary lobes ; capillary tuft

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34
Q

Glomerulus Located within the _______________(forms the beginning of the renal tubule)

A

BOWMAN S CAPSULE

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35
Q

In glomerular pressure has presence of ___________ (cause by size of afferent and efferent arteriole)

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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36
Q

are necessary to overcome the opposition of pressure from the fluid from the Bowman“s capsule and the ONCOTIC PRESSURE of unfiltered plasma protein

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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37
Q

This system respond to changes in blood pressure and plasma sodium content

A

RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS)

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38
Q

RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS) monitored by

A

JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS

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39
Q

is an enzyme which is mainly produced by the________________ cells.

A

Renin; Juxtamedullary cells

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40
Q

FUNCTION OF ANGIOTENSIN II

A

Vasolidation
Stimulate sodium
Release hormone aldosterone
Release antidiuretic hormone

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41
Q

Wha are the 2 mechanism of reabsorption

A

Active transport
Passive transport

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42
Q

Substance to be reabsorbed must combine to a carrier protein contained in the membranes of the ________________

A

Active transport; renal tubular cells.

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43
Q

Can be influenced by the concentration of the substance being transported.

A

Active transport

44
Q

plasma concentration at which active transport stops.

A

Renal threshold

45
Q

movement of molecules across membrane as a result of differences in their concentration or electrical potential.

A

Passive transport

46
Q

Exceeding the renal threshold of substances affects the Maximal reabsorptive capacity of the tubules, leading to the appearance of the substance in the urine

A

Passive transport

47
Q

Active transport
Substances:
Location: proximal convoluted tubule

A

Glucose
Amino acid
Salts

48
Q

Active transport
Substances: glucose, amino acid and salt
Location:

A

proximal convoluted tubule

49
Q

Active transport
Substances: sodium
Location:

A

Proximal and distal convoluted tubule

50
Q

Active transport
Substances:
Location: Proximal and distal convoluted tubule

A

Sodium

51
Q

Passive transport
Substance: water
Location:

A

Pct
Descending loop of henle
Collecting duct

52
Q

Passive transport
Substance:
Location: Pct, Descending loop of henle, Collecting duct

A

Water

53
Q

Passive transport
Substance:
Location: Pct, ascending loop of henle

A

Urea

54
Q

Passive transport
Substance: urea
Location:

A

Pct, ascending loop of henle

55
Q

Passive transport
Substance:
Location: ascending loop of henle

A

Sodium

56
Q

Passive transport
Substance: sodium
Location:

A

ascending loop of henle

57
Q

Begins in the descending and ascending Loop of Henle

A

Tubular concentration

58
Q

COLLECTING DUCT CONCENTRATION

A
  • Depends on the osmotic gradient in the medulla and the hormone VASOPRESSIN (ADH)
  • Production of vasopressin is determined by the state of body hydration
59
Q

is an anti-diuretic hormone involve in water reabsorption.

A

Vasopressin

60
Q

is removed by osmosis in the descending loop of Henle, and sodium and chloride are reabsorbed in the ascending loop

A

Water

61
Q

Dilation of the afferent arterioles and constriction of the
efferent arterioles

A

BP drops

62
Q

Body hydration: high
Adh: low
Urine volume:

A

High

63
Q

Body hydration: high
Adh:
Urine volume: high

A

Low

64
Q

Body hydration:
Adh: low
Urine volume: high

A

High

65
Q

Body hydration: low
Adh:
Urine volume: low

A

High

66
Q

Body hydration:
Adh: high
Urine volume: low

A

Low

67
Q

Body hydration: low
Adh: high
Urine volume:

A

Low

68
Q

2 MAJOR FUNCTIONS: tubular secretion

A
  1. Elimination of waste products not filtered by the glomerulus (Ex.Urea&Medications)
  2. Regulation of acid- base balance (secretion of hydrogen ions)
69
Q

ACTS AS BUFFER TO THE BLOOD MAINTAINING NORMAL pH.

A

BICARBONATE

70
Q

Measure the filtering capacity of the glomeruli. And the rate at which the kidneys are able to remove (to clear) a filterable substance from the blood.

A

Clearance test

71
Q

The substance analyzed must be one that is neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the tubules.

A

Clearance test

72
Q

Clearance test Stability of substance in urine during _________________

A

24- hour urine collection

73
Q

Clearance test Reported in what unit

A

mL/min

74
Q

STANDARD METHOD for GFR and it Demonstrate progression of renal
disease or response to therapy

A

Urea clearance test

75
Q

Not give reliable estimates of GFR
(Approximately 40% of filtered urea is
reabsorbed) and It is about 50% of creatinine clearance.

A

Urea clearance test

76
Q

REFERENCE METHOD for GFR and Not routinely done because of the necessity for
continuous IV infusion

A

Insulin clearance test

77
Q

insulin clearance test PRIMING DOSE:

A

25mL of 10% insulin solution

78
Q

Insulin clearance test CONTINUOUS INFUSION:

A

500mL of 1.5% insulin solution

79
Q

REFERENCE VALUES: insulin clearance test
Male:
Female:

A

Male: 127mL/min
Female: 118mL/min

80
Q

Most commonly used; screening method of GFR and waste product of muscle metabolism

A

Creatinine clearance

81
Q

Excellent measurement of renal function

A

Creatinine clearance

82
Q

is freely filtered by the
glomerulus but not reabsorbed.

A

Creatinine

83
Q

A measure of the completeness of a 24 hour urine collection.

A

Creatinine clearance

84
Q

REFERENCE VALUES: creatinine clearance
Male:
Female:

A

Male: 85-125mL/min
Female: 75-112 mL/min

85
Q

Determines the functional capacity of nephrons

A

Glomerular filtration rate

86
Q

Determines the extent of nephron damage in known cases of renal disease.
◦ Monitor the effectiveness of treatment
◦ Determines the feasibility of administering medications

A

Creatinine clearance

87
Q

Disadvantage of CCT:

A

◦ Some Creatinine is secreted by tubule
◦ Chromogens present in human plasma
◦ Some medications causes false decreased
value
◦ Creatinine breakdown by some bacteria
◦ influenced by heavy diet
◦ Interference by muscle wasting disease.

88
Q

Disadvantage of CCT:

A

◦ Some Creatinine is secreted by tubule
◦ Chromogens present in human plasma
◦ Some medications causes false decreased
value
◦ Creatinine breakdown by some bacteria
◦ influenced by heavy diet
◦ Interference by muscle wasting disease.

89
Q

◦ Indirect estimate of GFR
◦ A low molecular weight protease inhibitor
◦ Completely reabsorbed by the PCT, hence its
presence in urine denotes damage to the tubules
◦ good procedure for screening and monitoring
GFR.

A

Cystatin C

90
Q

Cystatin C
Specimen:
Increased levels:
Method:

A

SPECIMEN: Serum or plasma (fasting is not required
INCREASED LEVELS: Acute & Chronic Renal failure, Diabetic nephropathy
METHOD: Immunoassay

91
Q

Dissociates from human leukocyte antigens at constant rate and is rapidly removed from the plasma by glomerular filtration.
◦ A rise has been shown to be more sensitive indicator of decrease in GFR than creatinine clearance.
◦ Not reliable in patients who have history of immunologic disorders.

A

Beta 2 microglobulin

92
Q

Dissociates from human leukocyte antigens at constant rate and is rapidly removed from the plasma by glomerular filtration.
◦ A rise has been shown to be more sensitive indicator of decrease in GFR than creatinine clearance.
◦ Not reliable in patients who have history of immunologic disorders.

A

Beta 2 microglobulin

93
Q
  • used for routinely screening patients as part of a metabolic profile
  • to monitor patients already diagnosed with renal disease or at risk for renal disease.
  • the formulas are valuable when medications that require adequate renal clearance need to be prescribed.
A

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rates (eGFR)

94
Q
  • used for routinely screening patients as part of a metabolic profile
  • to monitor patients already diagnosed with renal disease or at risk for renal disease.
  • the formulas are valuable when medications that require adequate renal clearance need to be prescribed.
A

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rates (eGFR)

95
Q

Ability of the tubules to reabsorb the essential salts and water that have been nonselectively filtered by glomerulus

A

Concentration test

96
Q

Concentration test The specific gravity of urine before entering the renal tubules is________

A

1.010

97
Q

2 specific gravity test

A

Fishberg test
Mosenthal test

98
Q

Patients were deprived of fluids for 24 hours prior to measuring specific gravity

A

Fishberg test

99
Q

Compare the volume and specific gravity of urine of day and night urine samples

A

Mosenthal test

100
Q

measures only the number of particles in a solution, specific gravity is influenced by the number and
density (molecular weight) of the particles.

A

Osmolality

101
Q

is performed for a more accurate evaluation of renal concentrating ability.

A

Osmolality

102
Q

FREEZING POINT OSMOMETERS
Principle:
Standard reference:

A

Principle: Measurement of freezing point depression
Standard reference: NaCl

103
Q

Temperature at which water and ice are in equilibrium and is related to solute concentration

A

Freezing point

104
Q

VAPOR PRESSURE OSMOMETERS
Principle:
Standard reference:

A

Principle: Measurement of dew point (Temperature at which water vapor condenses to a liquid)
Standard reference: NaCl

105
Q
  • test most commonly associated with tubular secretion and renal blood flow
A

p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) test.

106
Q

-The inability to produce an acid urine in the presence of metabolic acidosis
- This condition may result from impaired tubular secretion of hydrogen ions associated with the proximal convoluted tubule
- defects in ammonia secretion associated with the distal convoluted
tubule.

A

RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS

Cc Lec (2) (4 decks)

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