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1
Q

It is a branch of laboratory medicine that is concerned with the quantitative measurement of analytes in body fluids to facilitate the diagnosis of diseases.

A

Clinical chemistry

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2
Q

What are the analytes

A

Protein, enzymes, metabolite (sugar and lipids), drug, ions, salt, minerals (calcium, potassium, sodium)

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3
Q

Monitor effect of treatment by noting changes in specific parameters

A

Clinical chemistry

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4
Q

is a quantitative science and It is concerned with measurement of amounts of biologically
important substances (called analytes) in body fluids.

A

Clinical chemistry

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5
Q

Clinical chemistry that measurement of amounts of biologically
important substances of

A

Analytes

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6
Q

The methods to measure these substances are carefully designed
to provide accurate assessments of the concentrations.

A

Clinical chemistry

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7
Q

The results that are obtained from such measurements are
compared to reference intervals or an Medical Decision Level (MDL) to provide diagnostic and clinical meaning for the values.

A

Clinical chemistry

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8
Q

a science, a service and an industry

A

Clinical chemistry

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9
Q

it links the knowledge of general chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry with an understanding of human physiology

A

Science

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10
Q

it produces objective evidence from which medical decisions may be made

A

Service

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11
Q

clinical laboratories are businesses, which operate under the regulations and practices that guide commerce in the United States.

A

Industry

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12
Q

Scope of Clinical Chemistry:

A

Computers
Biochemistry
Instrumentation
Pharmacology
Endocrinology
Immunology
Toxicology
Analytical Chemistry

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13
Q

computer is Also known as

A

Laboratory information system

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14
Q

connecting) the patient information, the details in a laboratory information system or computer “Technology” we are dealing with the incorporation of different laboratory identifiers or identifications to the technology or computer.

A

Laboratory information system

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15
Q

Biochemistry Dealing with the four fundamental biomolecules:

A

Lipids
Protein
Nucleic acid
Glucose

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16
Q

Automations, Machines, and the way we troubleshoot

A

Instrumentation

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17
Q

Also known as the drugs

A

Pharmacology

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18
Q

The branch of physiology and medicine concerned with endocrine lands and hormones.

A

Endocrinology

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19
Q

Test in clinical chemistry

A

Immunology

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20
Q

The toxic substances in the body could also trace them.

A

Toxicology

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21
Q

Deals with the measurement also of different substances

A

Analytic chemistry

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22
Q

Clinical test: core test is

A

Routinely/common: easy to perform

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23
Q

Core test involves

A

Glucose (diagnose of diabetes mellitus)
Renal function test (urea, creatinine, uric acid)
Liver/hepatic function panel (biliburin, albumin, total protein, alkaline phosphate, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase
Lipid profile ( total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoproteins, low density lipoprotein)
Enzymes ( analytes, lipase and creatinine kinase)
Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chlorine)

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24
Q

In order to assess the liver function.

A

Liver/hepatic function panel

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25
Q

are primarily used for the diagnosis of Acute Pancreatitis (Bangungot)

A

Amylase and lipase

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26
Q

employed for the diagnosis of
Myocardial Infarction (heart attack)

A

Creatinine kinase

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27
Q

To assess the fluid of the body and they are all routinely ordered by the Doctor

A

Electrolyte

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28
Q

Hormones, specific proteins, trace elements, vitamins, drugs, and lipoprotein
- Less frequently performed
- Cost prohibitive
- Usually sent out to bigger laboratories with strict preparation guideline

A

Specialized test

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29
Q

Specialized test involve

A

Vitamins (vitamin D) and drugs (vancomycin)

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30
Q

an antibiotic that is Used to treat Gram-positive cocci and test multidrug-resistant cocci, also assesses the level of ___________ inside the human body.

A

Vancomycin

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31
Q

Most common specimen in Clinical chemistry

32
Q

Most common specimen in Clinical chemistry

33
Q

Method of collection: Venipuncture
Adult:
Infant:

A

A. ADULT: Venipuncture in the Vein (median Antecubital Fossa)
B. INFANT: Heel prick Method
- SITE: Median Antecubital Fossa

34
Q

Form of blood

A

Whole blood
Plasma
Serum

35
Q

It’s actually the blood which contains all the formed elements and the liquid portion

A

Whole plasma

36
Q

Whole blood formed elements

A

RBC
WBC
PLATELETES

37
Q

Whole blood liquid portion

A

Plasma
Serum

38
Q

Liquid portion of non-clotted Blood that contains Anticoagulant

39
Q

Liquid portion of clotted blood and Collected in Yellow/Red tube (most common in cc)

40
Q

the act of drawing a blood sample from a blood vessel. For clinical chemistry testing blood is usually drawn from a vein, typically a vein in the arm or back of the hand. Collecting blood from a vein
is called venipuncture. The medical professional drawing the blood sample is called a

A

Phlebotomist

41
Q

Use for evaluating kidney functions
and test that look at waste products excreted by kidneys

42
Q

Use for evaluating kidney functions
and test that look at waste products excreted by kidneys

43
Q

METHOD OF COLLECTION: urine

A

Midstream clean catch

44
Q

For Chemistry testing _______________ is usually used to test metabolites

A

24 hour urine test

45
Q

is clear and colorless fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

46
Q

Method of Collection: csf

A

Doctors only
Lumbar Puncture / Spinal Tap

47
Q

collected on ________ to_________ lumbar space

A

3-4 to 4-5 lumbar space

48
Q

Csf intended for

A

Diagnosis of Meningitis and Neurological problems or diseases

49
Q

COLLECTION IS DONE USING 3 -4 TUBES
1ST TUBE:
2ND TUBE:
3RD TUBE:
4TH TUBE:

A

1ST TUBE: Clinical chemistry
2ND TUBE: Microbiology/Bacteriology
3RD TUBE: Hematology
4TH TUBE: Specialized section: Histopath or Immunoserology

50
Q

OTHER BODY FLUIDS

A

1.PLEURAL FLUID
2.PERICARDIAL FLUID
3.PERITONEAL FLUID
4.AMNIOTIC FLUID
5.SYNOVIAL FLUID

51
Q

PLEURAL FLUID
Found in:
Manner of collection:

A

Found in Lungs
Manner of collection: Thoracentesis

52
Q

PERICARDIAL FLUID
Found in:
Manner of collection:

A

Found in: Heart
Manner of collection: Pericardiocentesis

53
Q

PERITONEAL FLUID
Found in:
Manner of collection:

A

Found in: Gastrointestinal
Manner of collection: Paracentesis

54
Q

AMNIOTIC FLUID
produce by:
Manner of collection:

A

produce by: Pregnant women
Manner of collection: Amniocentesis

55
Q

AMNIOTIC FLUID
produce by:
Manner of collection:

A

produce by: Pregnant women
Manner of collection: Amniocentesis

56
Q

SYNOVIAL FLUID
Reduces friction when you move your:
Manner of collection:

A

Reduces friction when you move your: joints
Manner of collection: Arthrocentesis

57
Q

Fluids Typically Used For Clinical Chemistry Tests

A

Blood (whole blood, serum or plasma)
Urine
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF
Amniotic fluid
Saliva
Synovial fluid (fluid that is found in joint cavities)
Pleural fluid (from the sac surrounding the lungs)
Pericardial fluid (from the sac surrounding the heart)
Peritoneal fluid (also called ascitic fluid; from the abdomen)

58
Q

SPECIMEN REJECTION CRITERIA

A

Unlabeled, improperly labeled, mismatched specimen, Insufficient quantity (QNS), Incorrect collection tube

59
Q

SPECIMEN CRITERIA: must have at least two

A

Name
date of Birth

60
Q

CONSEQUENCES OF SPECIMEN REJECTION

A
  1. REPEATED SPECIMEN COLLECTION
  2. DELAY IN THE ANALYSIS AND REPORTING OF RESULT
  3. DELAY IN THE TREATMENT OF THE PATIENT
61
Q

LABORATORY WORKFLOW IN CLINICAL CHEMISTRY SECTION

A

REQUESITION - Request from the Doctor
SPECIMEN COLLECTION
TRANSPORT AND PROCESSING
RESULT TRANSMISSION/DELTA CHECKING/REPEAT
TESTING - Done by Pathologist
INTERPRETATION OF RESULT - Done by attending physicians

62
Q

quality standards for all clinical laboratories to ensure accuracy, reliability and timeliness of patient test results regardless of where the test was performed and defines clinical laboratories broadly

A

Clinical and laboratory improvements amendment of 1988

63
Q

simple laboratory examinations and procedures that are cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for home use

A

Waived test

64
Q

moderately and highly complex tests as defined by the requirements for operator skill, reagent preparation, and automation and the difficulty of interpretation of results.

A

Nonwaived test

65
Q

looked back on experiments of Antoine- Laurent de Lavoisier in pneumatic chemistry.

A

Henry Bence Jones

66
Q

few and scanty, indeed, are the rays of light which chemistry has flung on the vital
mysteries.”

A

Robert James Graves (1796-1853)

67
Q

complained that clinicians do not use their chemistry laboratory services except when needed for “luxurious embellishment for a clinical lecture.”

A

Max Josef von Pettenkofer (1818-1901)

68
Q

urine test for diabetes and carbohydrate metabolism investigations started

69
Q

first used the term “ clinical chemical laboratory (klinisch chemischem Laboratorium)

A

Johann Joseph Scherer (1814-1869)

70
Q

first used the term “ clinical chemical laboratory (klinisch chemischem Laboratorium)

A

Johann Joseph Scherer (1814-1869)

71
Q

an outstanding clinical chemist able to give an excellent interpretation of analytical results obtained
from in body fluids. Published a book in 1932 along with John P. Peeters entitled Clinical Chemistry. He is also the founder of Modern Clinical Chemistry.

A

Donald D. van Slyke (1883-1971)

72
Q

Crude techniques but advances to understand the living material were made despite limitations.

A

19th century

73
Q

invented the Technicon AutoAnalyzer

A

Dr. Leonard Skeggs

74
Q
  • Radioisotopes were used in assay Scintillation counting devices
75
Q

Incorporation or linkage of computers to laboratory

A
  1. Equipment ability for data processing monitoring of data produced
  2. ensured accuracy
  3. correlations and relationships with previous information (Delta check)

Cc Lec (2) (4 decks)

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