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ADI > Meteorology > Flashcards

Meteorology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the term CAVOK mean?

A

Clouds and Visibility OK.
Visibility 10km or more
No cloud below 5000ft or below highest min sector altitude (whichever is greater)
No CBs
No significant weather phenomena in the vicinity of the aerodrome

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2
Q

How is cloud reported?

A 
Max 3 layers reported
1. Lowest cloud of any amount
2. Next layer of more than 2 oktas
3. Next layer of more than 4 oktas
Plus significant convective cloud if not already reported
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3
Q

What is meant by the term “Cloud Base”?

A

The height of the base of the lowest cloud visible of any amount

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4
Q

What is meant by the term “Cloud Ceiling”?

A

The height of the base of the lowest cloud visible which is covering more than half of the sky

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5
Q

What does SKC mean in terms of cloud reportin?

A

Sky clear - No cloud

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6
Q

What does FEW mean in terms of cloud reportin?

A

Few - 1 or 2 Oktas

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7
Q

What does SCT mean in terms of cloud reportin?

A

Scattered - 3 to 4 Oktas

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8
Q

What does BKN mean in terms of cloud reportin?

A

Broken - 5 to 7 Oktas

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9
Q

What does OVC mean in terms of cloud reportin?

A

Overcast - 8 Oktas (or you’re in Scotland)

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10
Q

What constitutes a SIGMET?

A 
Volcanic Ash
Heavy Dust & Sandstorms
Heavy Hail
Freezing Rain
Tropical Cyclone
Thunderstorms
Severe Turbulence
Severe Icing
Severe Mountain Waves
Also refers to Cb clouds not associated with thunderstorms
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11
Q

How are thunderstorms created?

A

High moisture content
Lifting process
Unstable atmosphere

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12
Q

What are the effects of thunderstorms?

A 
HITLERMUD
Hail
Icing
Turbulence
Lightning
Electromagnetic effects
Rain
Microbursts
Updraughts
Downdraughts
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13
Q

What is Fog?

A

A suspension of small water droplets reducing visibility below 1000m

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14
Q

What is Mist?

A

A suspension of small water droplets where visibility is not less than 1000m

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15
Q

What is Haze?

A

A suspension of solid particles of smoke or dust reducing visibility to not less than 1000m where relative humidity is less than 95%

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16
Q

What conditions are required for the formation of Radiation Fog?

A 
Clear sky
Land surface
Moist air
Light wind
Long night
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17
Q

How is Advection Fog formed?

A

Warm moist air transferred by advection to a cold land or sea area
Warm air loses heat to cold surface & forms fog

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18
Q

What meteorological conditions are associated with a warm front?

A 
Cirrus cloud turning into lowering Stratus cloud
Increasing rain
Possibility of poor visibility and fog
Falling pressure that slows or stops
Wind that veers
Temperature that rises
Warm air that is more stable
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19
Q

What meteorological conditions are associated with a cold front?

A

Cu, Cb cloud - Rain/Hail
Sudden drop in temperature/lower dewpoint
Veering of wind direction
Falling pressure that rises once the front has passed
Visibility away from showers and cloud is good
Cold air is less stable

20
Q

What kind of front moves faster?

A

Cold Front

21
Q

What is an occluded front?

A

A cold front which has caught up to a warm front

22
Q

What meteorological conditions can be expected with an occluded front?

A

Warm air forced to rise
Cu & St cloud
St can hide the Cu which can be a particular hazard
Severe weather can occur in the early stages (instability)
Short period of intense weather

23
Q

What is a quasi-stationary front?

A

A stationary or slow-moving boundary between two air masses

Cloud and precipitation are usually associated

24
Q

What is Frontogenesis?

A

The development of a front

25
Q

What is Frontolysis?

A

A front which is weakening

26
Q

What is an anticyclone?

A

An area of high pressure

27
Q

What is a depression?

A

An area of low pressure

28
Q

What meteorological conditions are associated with an Anticyclone?

A 
High pressure
Stability
Air warms as it descends
Poor visibility - Fog
Clockwise wind
Formed in ridges
29
Q

What meteorological conditions are associated with an Depression?

A 
Low pressure
Instability
Air cools as it rises
Cu cloud - Rain
Good visibility
Anticlockwise wind
30
Q

What is a Col?

A

An area between high and low pressure that has little or no pressure gradient
Light calm wind
Foggy overland in winter
May produce thunderstorms in winter

31
Q

What is RVR?

A

Runway Visual Range
The range over which a pilot of an aircraft on the centreline of a runway can see the runway surface marking or the lights delineating the runway or identifying its centre line.

32
Q

When is RVR used?

A

When a met report gives a visibility for a particular runway of less than 1500m

33
Q

How is RVR assessed?

A

Human Observer Method or Instrumented RVR

34
Q

What is the UK standard reporting for RVR?

A

0 to 400m in 25m steps
400m to 800m in 50m steps
800m to 1500m in 100m steps

35
Q

How does IRVR work?

A

It gives an automatic and continuous display of RVR values. 3 transmissiometers are located at Touchdonw, Mid-Point and Stop-End

36
Q

Describe a what a TAF is.

A

Terminal Aerodrome Forecast
9,12,18, 24 or 30 hours forecast depending on the airport
Apply to five mile radius from the centre of the airport runway complex
Produced by a human forecaster on the ground

37
Q 
What do the following terms mean on a TAF?
BECMG
TEMPO
NOSIG
PROB30
PROB40
A 
BECMG - Becoming
TEMPO - A temporary change
NOSIG - No significant change
PROB30 - 30% probability
PROB40 - 40% probability
38
Q

Describe what a METAR is.

A

MET Actual Report
Reports generated 20 past and 10 to
Significant changes result in a SPECI being issued
Mostly automated, can be done by human observer

39
Q

What changes in surface wind conditions constitute the issue of a SPECI?

A

a) a change in mean direction of 60° or more, the mean speed before or after the change being 10 kt or more, but a change of 30° when 20 kt or more;
b) a change in mean speed of 10 kt or more;
c) a change in gust speed of 10 kt or more, the mean speed before or after the change being 15 kt or more

40
Q

What changes in surface visibility conditions constitute the issue of a SPECI?

A

a) The prevailing visibility changes from one of the following ranges to another:
10km or more, 9km - 5000m, 4900m -3000m, 2900m - 2000m, 1900m - 1500m, 1400m - 800m, 750m or less
b) When the minimum visibility in one or more directions becomes less than 50% of the prevailing visibility, after being 50% or more of the prevailing visibility, or when the minimum visibility in one or more directions becomes greater than 50% of the prevailing visibility, after being 50% or less than the prevailing visibility.
c) If the minimum visibility is being reported, when the minimum visibility changes from one of the ranges given in a) above, to another.

41
Q

What weather constitutes the issue of a SPECI?

A

At the onset, cessation or change in intensity of:
Moderate or heavy precipitation (including showers):
Freezing precipitation (of any intensity)
Freezing fog
Thunderstorm (with or without precipitation)
Funnel cloud (tornado or waterspout)
Squall
Low drifting or blowing; snow, dust or sand.

42
Q

What cloud changes constitute the issue of a SPECI?

A 
Base: When the base of the lowest cloud covering more than half the sky changes from one range to another:
2000 feet or more
1500 feet to 1900 feet
1000 feet to 1400 feet
700 feet to 900 feet
500 feet to 600 feet
300 feet to 400 feet
200 feet
100 feet
Less than 100 feet (including sky obscured).

Amount: When the amount of the lowest layer below 1500 feet changes from half or less to more than half; and vice versa.

43
Q

What change in pressure leads to the issue of a SPECI?

A

When the QNH or QFE changes by 1·0 Hectopascal or more

44
Q

What change in temperature leads to the issue of a SPECI?

A

When the air temperature changes by 2·0 degrees or more.

45
Q

What circumstance involving severe icing and/or turbulence leads to a SPECI being issued?

A

When an aircraft on the approach or on climb out reports severe icing and/or severe turbulence, and it is confirmed by the duty forecaster at the local meteorological forecast office.

ADI (15 decks)

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