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roots and tissue > Metabolism, Photosynthesis, Respiration > Flashcards

Metabolism, Photosynthesis, Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

what is Respiration

A

Process by which plants, animals and fungi breaks down sugars.

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2
Q

equation for respiration

A

C6 H12 O2 + O2 + enzymes=CO2 + H2O + 36ATP

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3
Q

when does cellular respiration happen?

A

24 hours a day in active cells

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4
Q

in the cell, respiration starts in the

A

Cytoplasm, and ends in the Mitochondria

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5
Q

List the 3 major pathways of respiration

A

Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

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6
Q

Glycolysis occurs in the

A

Cytoplasm

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7
Q

what does glycolysis mean?

A

Spliting of Sugar

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8
Q

what are the products of glycolysis

A

NADH
2 ATP
Pyrurvic acid

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9
Q

has the most energy

A

ATP

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10
Q

How much energy has been harvested from 1 molecule of glucose after glycolysis?

A

22% 2 ATP

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11
Q

The Krebs Cycle occurs in the

A

mitochondrial matrix

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12
Q

What is removed in the Krebs Cycle?

A

NAD

NADH2

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13
Q

What are the products of the krebs cycle

A

NADH 2
ATP
FADH 2

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14
Q

what is the byproducts of the products of the Krebs Cycle go (or where are they used?)

A

NAD (forming NADH2+), ATP, and FAD forming FADH2+)

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15
Q

What has happened to the glucose at the end of the Krebs Cycle?

A

2 ATP formed (one for each pyruvate molecule)

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16
Q

The Electron Transport Chain is located on the

A

inner membranes

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17
Q

what is passed along the Electron Transport Chain, the electrons are accepted by

A

H+, and WATER is formed

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18
Q

so, what is essential to be present in aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen

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19
Q

The net energy gain from 1 molecule of glucose

A

39% of the original

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20
Q

What is CHEMIOSMOSIS?

A

The process of ATP Synthesis

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21
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Some organisms have metabolic patthways that allow respiration to proceed in the absence of oxygen

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22
Q

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

A

FERMENTATION

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23
Q

How much energy (amount of ATP) would a yeast cell obtain from one glucose molecule under anaerobic conditions?

A

2 ATP

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24
Q

What organism produces ethanol and carbon dioxide in ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION?

A

YEAST

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25
Q

Name some ways man uses ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

A

in baking industry

in winemaking

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26
Q

What stage of respiration does not require oxygen

A

ANAEROBIC

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27
Q

AEROBIC

A

36 ATP

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28
Q

ANAEROBIC

A

2 ATP

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29
Q

Factors that affect the rate of respiration

A

Temperature
Water
Oxygen

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30
Q

Nitrogen Gas

A

Decreases cellular respiration

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31
Q

equation for photosynthesis

A

CO2 + H2O + SUNLIGHT + CHLOROPHYLL (+ enzymes)= C6 H2 06 (glucose) + O2 (+H2O)

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32
Q

Photosynthesis is an energy transformation

A

it transforms LIGHT ENERGY into CHEMICAL ENERGY

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33
Q

Once the energy is transformed, it is stored as

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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34
Q

Give two reasons why PHOTOSYNTHESIS is important

A

Basis of food chain on earth.

life could not survive w/out

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35
Q

What part of the electromagnetic spectrum is used in Photosynthesis?

A

VISIBLE LIGHT

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36
Q

What are the two characteristics of visible light?

A

PHOTONS

more in WAVELENGTHS

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37
Q

We perceive different wavelengths of light as

A

DIFFERENT COLORS

38
Q

Leaves are green because they absorb

A

BLUE-VIOLETS and ORANGE- REDS wavelengths

39
Q

living organisms reflect what color

A

GREEN

40
Q

WAVELENGTHS that have MORE ENERGY

A

PURPLE LIGHT
XRAYS
SHORT WAVELENGTHS

41
Q

What are the 3 pigments in plants that absorb light

A

CHLOROPHYLL A
CHLOROPHYLL B
CAROTENOIDS

42
Q

What is the importance of the absorption spectrum?

A

ability to absorb light by a plant useful light for photosynthesis

43
Q

Why photosynthesis and respiration work together with one another

A

products of photosynthesis (sugars and O2) are used in respiration to produce ATP that powers most cellular work

44
Q

what are the two major phases of photosynthesis

A

LIGHT REACTIONS

CALVIN CYCLE

45
Q

Photochemical phase (light energy is turned into chemical energy)

A

LIGHT REACTIONS

46
Q

Biochemical phase (fixation of CO2 to form sugars)

A

CALVIN CYCLE

47
Q

VERY SPECIFICALLY, Where do the light Reactions occur?

A

THYLAKOID MEMBRANE

48
Q

Thylakoid Membrane

A

with in the CHLOROPLAST

49
Q

What is a light-harvesting antennae complex?

A

hundred chlorophyll and carotenoid molecules which make up a light harvesting antennae

50
Q

The light reactions are composed of 2 photosystems. which one occurs 1st?

A

Photosystem II

51
Q

What are the 2 products formed in Photosystems 2.

A

ATP

OXYGEN

52
Q

Where do the electrons come from that replace the ejected electrons of the reaction center?

A

(SPLITTING WATER) what is this process called?(PHOTOLYSIS) why is this process so important((produce)OXYGEN)

53
Q

when ATP is made in photosynthesis, we call it

A

Photophophorylation

54
Q

what is formed (the product) in Photosystem 1?

A

NADH2

55
Q

what is stored in this product(NADH2)

A

ENERGY

56
Q

where does this product go or where is it used? (NADPH2)=(ENERGY)

A

used to make SUGAR

57
Q

So the 3 products of the LIGHT REACTION are?

A

(a) OXYGEN
(b) ATP
(c) NADPH2

58
Q

Now lets review the second phase of photosynthesis. it is called

A

The CALVIN CYCLE

59
Q

DARK REACTIONS

A

The CALVIN CYCLE

60
Q

What happens in the CALVIN CYCLE / DARK REACTIONS phase

A

Uses carbon CO2 to make sugar

61
Q

Where does this phase take place?

A

STROMA

62
Q

What products from the light reaction are used in the second phase?

A

ATP

NADPH

63
Q

Where does the carbon come from to make sugar?

A

ATMOSPHERE

64
Q

What is the final product of the second phase of photosynthesis

A

SUGAR/ GLUCOSE

65
Q

CAM

A

Desert/cacti,
They open there stoma at night,
Separated in time

66
Q

C4

A

TROPICAL/SUB, CORN, sugar
1 more carbon compound
Separated in space

67
Q

TRANSPIRATION

A

Defined as the process of less of water vapor from the internal leaf atmosphere

68
Q

what is the path of water movement in transpiration?

A

As transpiration occurs in the leaf it creates a cohesive pull on the whole water column downward to the roots, where water is absorbed from the soil

69
Q

more than 90% of water a plant absorbs is lost via transpiration?

A

This evaporative water loss occurs mainly through the stoma

70
Q

What regulates transpiration?

A

GUARD CELLS

71
Q

How do guard cells open

A

Stomata are generally open during daylight and closed at night

72
Q

What is the basis of transpiraton?

A

TRANSPIRATION,
COHESIION,
ADHESION

73
Q

Attraction of water molecules to each other

A

COHESION

74
Q

Water molecules also adhere to the walls of tracheids and vessel elements

A

Adhesion

75
Q

The Transpiration-cohesion Hypothesis

A

The upward movement of water is driven by TRANSPIRATION, COHESION, ADHESION,

76
Q

ADHESION

A

is the attachment of water molecules to the walls of tracheids and vessel elements

77
Q

COHESIOON

A

is the attraction of water molecules to one another.

78
Q

prevents the column of water in the xylem from breaking?

A

COHESION

79
Q

overrides gravity

A

ADHESION

80
Q

Place where sugar is used or stored for (later use)

A

SINK

81
Q

Place where sugar is made or stored

A

SOURCE

82
Q

The movement of sugar in phloem flows from a

A

(SOURCE) to a (SINK)

83
Q

What actually causes sugar to move through the plant?

A

Pressure build up pushes it threw

84
Q

CATABOLIC REACTION

A

is one in which a compound is broken down. (it releases) an input of energy

85
Q

ANABOLIC REACTION

A

is one in which a compound is synthesized. (requires) an input of energy

86
Q

in an energy transformation, a molecule gains electrons. This is called

A

Reduction Reaction

87
Q

if a molecule loses electrons during a reaction, it is called

A

OXIDATION

88
Q

Which has more energy, a reduced or oxidized molecule?

A

REDUCED

89
Q

NADH

A

has the most energy

90
Q

following reaction will release energy

A

ATP -> ATP + PO4 + ENERGY

91
Q

What are the two most important energy transformations?

A

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

RESPIRATIONS

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