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Physiology GIT 206 > Metabolism: body temperature & regulation > Flashcards

Metabolism: body temperature & regulation Flashcards

1
Q

at 41°C ____, and at 43°C ____

A
  • Convulsions occur
  • protein denaturation & nervous malfunctions occur leading to death
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2
Q

enumerate types of thermoreceptors in the body

A
  • Peripheral thermoreceptors
  • Deep thermoreceptors
  • Central thermoreceptors
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3
Q

types of receptors of peripheral thermoreceptors & their sensory pathway

A
  • Ruffin & Krause receptors
  • In C fibers
  • In lateral spinothalamic tract
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4
Q

sites of Deep thermoreceptors

A
  • Spinal Cord
  • Abdominal Viscera
  • in and around great veins of thorax & abdomen
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5
Q

Site of Central thermoreceptors

A

pre-optic Area of Anterior hypothalamus

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6
Q

shell temperature is also known as ____ & is detected by ____

A
  • Skin temperature
  • Peripheral receptors (ruffin & krause)
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7
Q

Oral temperature

A

37 °C, axillary temperature being 1/2 a degree less

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8
Q

Core temperature is higher than oral temperature by ____ and is represented by _____

A
  • 0.5 °C
  • Rectal temperature
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9
Q

Factors affecting Core temperature

A
  1. Circadian fluctuations (lowest at night/early morning, highest in the evening)
  2. Males show higher core temp. due to higher muscle mass
  3. Females core temp. increase by 0.5°C at post ovulatory phase
  4. young children have** 0.5 °C** higher core temp than adults
  5. physical activity increases core temperature
  6. Hyper & hypothyroidsm
  7. Emotional excitement
  8. Constitutional (some adults have higher than others)
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10
Q

Describe role of hypothalamus in regulation of body temperature

A
  • Anterior hypothalamus acts as the Central thermorceptor
  • Posterior hypothalamus recieves & integrates temperature sensory signals
  • hypothalamus is adjusted to a standard core body temperature of 37.1°C (set-point) above it, hypothalamus sends signals to increase heat loss, below it, it sends signals to increase heat gain
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11
Q

Enumerate Anti-rise measures (regulation mechanisms upon exposure to high environmental temperatures)

A
  1. Vasodilatation
  2. Decrease heat production
  3. Non-evaporative heat loss
  4. Evaporative heat loss
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12
Q

Explain how non-evaporative heat loss occurs during Anti-rise measures

A

Radiation:
* transfer/ loss of heat by infrared electromagnetic rays
* 60% of human heat loss

Conduction:
* heat exchange intitiated by kinetic energy
* there is thermal gradient between surface of body & solid object touching the surface
* 15% of human heat loss

Convection:
* Replacement of heated air layer around the body with unheated air produced by air currents
* 15% of Energy heat loss

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13
Q

Explain Evaporative heat loss during antirise measures

A

Insensible prespiration:
* Continuous diffusion of water molecules through skin & respiratory surfaces

Sweating:
* Cholineregic sympathetic Nerve fibers
* slight stimulation: slow flow rate with complete NaCl reabsorption
* Rapid stimulation: rapid flow rate with half NaCl reabsorption
* Stimulated by Aldosterone
* more aldosterone=more Na+ reabsorption

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14
Q

Enumerate Anti-drop measures

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. piloerection
  3. increase thermogenesis
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15
Q

Center of Shivering is inhibited by

A

Heat signals from Anterior hypothalamus

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16
Q

Center of Shivering is Stimulated by

A

Cold signals from skin & spinal cord (deep & peripheral thermoreceptors)

17
Q

Describe Charactaristics of Shivering Center signals

A
  • Occurs during short exposure to cold
  • non-rhythmical
  • do not cause actual muscle contraction
  • increase muscle tone
  • maximum shivering increase heat production 4-5 times
18
Q

Describe sympathetic Stimulation of heat production (chemical theromgenesis)

A
  1. norepinephrine acts on beta adrenergic receptors on brown fat
  2. causing oxidative phosphorylation in special mitochondria of brown fat & release of heat energy

Brown fat is found in infants in inter-scapular space

19
Q

Describe Non-shivering thermogenesis (Thyroxine stimulating heat production)

A
  1. Anterior hypothalamus stimulates Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
  2. TRH stimulates secretion of pituitary TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
  3. increases thyroid hormone secretion
  4. increase cellular metabolism & heat productionn
20
Q

Explain mechanism of fever

A
  1. bacterial cell membranes release pyrogens
  2. pyrogens are phagocytosed, causing release of Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
  3. interluekin 1 increases synthesis of PGE2
  4. PGE2 increases the set point made by hypothalamus
  5. this stimulates Anti-drop measures
  6. Increasing Heat production
21
Q

Describe how asprin is an antipyretic

A

prevents synthesis of PGE2

Physiology GIT 206 (17 decks)

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