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Step 2 > Metabolism Biochemistry (Enzymes and pathways) > Flashcards

Metabolism Biochemistry (Enzymes and pathways) Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolized in the mitochondria?

A
  1. Fatty acid Beta oxidation
  2. CoA production
  3. TCA Cycle
  4. Oxidative phosphorylation
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2
Q

What is metabolized in the cytoplasm?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Fatty acid synthesis
  3. HMP Shunt
  4. Protein synthesis
  5. Steroid synthesis
  6. Cholesterol synthesis
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3
Q

What reactions can occur in both the mitochondria and the cytoplasm?

A
  1. Heme synthesis
  2. Urea cycle
  3. Gluconeogensis
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4
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis?

A

Phosphofructokinase-1

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5
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme of gluconeogenesis?

A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

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6
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme of the TCA cycle?

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

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7
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme of glycogenesis?

A

Glycogen synthase

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8
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme of glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

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9
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme of the HMP Shunt?

A

G6PD

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10
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme of de novo pyrimidine synthesis?

A

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II

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11
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme of de novo purine synthesis?

A

Glutamine-PRPP-amidotransferase

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12
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme of urea cycle?

A

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I

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13
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme of fatty acid synthesis?

A

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

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14
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme of fatty acid oxidation?

A

Carnitine acyltransferase I

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15
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme of ketogenesis?

A

HMG-CoA synthase

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16
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme of cholesterol synthesis?

A

HMG-CoA reductase

17
Q

How many ATP can be generated from glucose when the malate aspartate shuttle is used?

A

32

18
Q

How many ATP can be generated from glucose when the glycerol-3-P shuttle is used?

A

30

19
Q

What is the first step of glycolysis?

A

Glucose -> Glucose-6-P, means the glucose is trapped in the cell

20
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the first step of glycolysis?

A
  1. Hexokinase in MOST tissues

2. gLucokinase in LIVER

21
Q

What enzyme that phosphorylates glucose is induced by insulin?

A

Glucokinase

22
Q

Glucose-6P ->Fructose-6P->Fructose-1,6BP is sent on through glycolysis if the person is in what state?

A

Fed state, insulin around

23
Q

Glucose-6P ->Fructose-6P->Fructose-1,6BP is sent on to what process if in the fasting state? What enzymes are involved?

A

Gluconeogenesis, FBPase-1 sends it back to F-6P

24
Q

What cofactor does arsenic inhibit?

A

Lipoic acid

25
Q

What builds up if there is a pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency? What clinical findings present?

A

Lactate and Alanine -> Lactic acidosis and neurologic defects

26
Q

What reactions of the TCA cycle generate GTP?

A

Succinyl-CoA -> Succinate

27
Q

What reactions of TCA cycle generate NADH?

A
  1. Isocitrate -> Alpha-ketogluterate
  2. Alpha-ketogluterate ->Succinyl-CoA
  3. Malate ->Oxaloacetate
28
Q

What reactions of the TCA cycle generate FADH2?

A

Succinate ->Fumarate

29
Q

What are the irreversible enzymes of Gluconeogenesis?

A
  1. Pyruvate carboxylase
  2. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
  3. Fructose -1,6-Bisphosphatase
  4. Glucose-6-Phosphatase
30
Q

What is the use of the HMP Shunt? Where is it performed?

A
  • Generates NADPH (reducing power)

- Liver, adrenal cortex, RBCs

31
Q

What agents can induce hemolysis in G6PD patients?

A
  1. Fava beans
  2. Sulfonamides
  3. Primaquine

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