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Metabolism and Homeostasis > Metabolism and homeostasis > Flashcards

Metabolism and homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all of our bodies chemical reactions required for survival, growth and reproduction

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2
Q

Why do metabolic reactions require an enzyme?

A

They occur at higher temperature than body temperature, so they require enzymes to boost there energy hence catalysing the reaction

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3
Q

What are the 2 products of catabolic reactions?

A

Small building blocks and energy

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4
Q

What are anabolic reactions?

A

The use of the building blocks and energy from catabolic reactions to form the contents of the cell

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5
Q

What is the 1st law of thermodynamics and how does this relate to our food?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed only conserved and converted.
Chemical energy in our food is converted to chemical bond energy and heat

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6
Q

What is chemical bond energy?

A

Energy extracted from food through an overarching process of oxidation

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7
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Formation of CO2 and H2O from C and H in the presence of oxygen.
The loss of electrons

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8
Q

How do we convert energy

A

By the movement of electrons

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9
Q

What is reduction?

A

The gain of electrons

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10
Q

In terms of electron transfer how do we conserve energy?

A

During REDOX reactions - oxidation and reduction happen at the same time so electrons being moved at the same time

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11
Q

How is the conversion and conservation of energy controlled?

A

By enzymes

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12
Q

What is NAD+

A

An oxidising agent.

Carrier of electrons

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13
Q

What is FAD+ the active form of and what does this mean?

A

It is the active form of B2. So you need nutrients to break down other nutrients

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14
Q

How is ATP made?

A

Through substrate level phosphorylation or electron transport chain.

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15
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

A process of forming ATP but he addition of a phosphate group to ADP

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16
Q

What is an electron transport chain?

A

Movement of electrons down a chain that provides the energy to pump H+ against the concentration gradient over a membrane. This then diffuses down the electrochemical gradient by chemiosmosis through ATPase and ATP is formed.
Electrons and protons react with oxygen to form water to maintain concentration gradient.

17
Q

What is the function of ATP?

A

Gives energetically unfavourable reactions an energy boost by the addition of phosphate

18
Q

What are coupled reactions?

A

When energetically favourable reactions re coupled with unfavourable reactions.
Catabolic reactions coupled with anabolic reaction.
Catabolic reactions release ATP to be used in anabolic reactions

19
Q

What is the function of enzymes?

A

They lower activation energy of a reaction so spontaneous reactions can occur

20
Q

How is enzyme activity affected by high substrate supply?

A

If all the enzymes active sites are taken up they can no longer increase the rate of reaction

21
Q

What is the function of a rate limiting step and how is it controlled?

A

Controlled by enzymes
Ensures the reaction is occurring at the right speed for the body and catabolism and anabolism are not occurring at the same time

22
Q

How is enzyme activity affected by allosteric control?

A

An allosteric effector (often a product of the pathway) binds to the allosteric site and causes a conformational change to the active site - activating or inhibiting the enzyme

23
Q

What 2 ways can hormones affect enzyme activity?

A

Phosphorylation or enzyme induction

24
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

The addition of a phosphate group

25
Q

What is the function of phosphorylation cascades?

A

To amplify the result

26
Q

What is enzyme induction?

A

Altering the expression levels of an enzyme

27
Q

What is compartmentalisation?

A

2 metabolic reactions occur in different regions so they can both be controlled independently.

Metabolism and Homeostasis (13 decks)

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