Metabolism Flashcards
Coupled reactions
Several reactions take place because they are coupled to a energetically favorable one (on its own not favorable)
Induces fit model
Enzymes change conformation when substrate bonds to it
Co-factor/Coenzyme
Molecule that catalyze reaction, makes protein reaction possible but would be useless without protein (e.g. NADH+)
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Production of ATP by direct transfer of Phosphate from the Substrate to ADP
Prosthetic group
Coenzymes that bind permanently to enzyme
Oxidationsmittel
oxidised substrate oxidant
Reduktionsmittel
reduced substrate
NADH dehydrogenase complex
- Enzyme in electron transport chain Oxideses NADH to NAD+ and pumps H+ to Intermembrane space
Ubiquinone
Elektron transporter which brings Electrons from NADH dehydrogenase complex to Cytochrome b-c1 complex
Cytochrome b-c1 complex
- Enzyme in electron transport chain accepts electrons from ubiquinone, pumps H+ to intermembrane space
Cytrochome oxidase complex
- Enzyme in electron transport chain accepts Electrons from Cytrochrome C Pumps H+ in intermembrane space, reduces Oxygen with H+ and e- to Water
Cytochrome C
Elektrone transporter which transport Electrons from Cytochrome b-c1 complex to Cytochrome oxidase complex
ATP Synthase
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PjdPTY1wHdQ Enzyme which generates ATP from ADP and Pi Energy is taken from Proton electrochemical energy to be transferred to mechanical Energy which ist used for ATP generation
ATP Hydrolysis
Function of ATP Synthase other way around –> using ATP to pump Protons from Matrix to intermembrane space
Carnetine Acyltransferase 1 (2)
Transferes Acyl from AcylCoA on to Carnitine in Carnitine Shuttle (or other way around)
ß-oxydation cycle
Transformation of Acyl-CoA to Acetyl-CoA by oxidation, hydration, oxidation, and decarboxylation (–> 2C with CoA forming Acetyl-CoA)
Endocytosis
Import of things in celll (occur in vesicles)
Exocytosis
Export out of cell (occur in vesicles)
Gated transport
binding to membraneproteins, activating gates and pores –> Signal Sequence on protein binds to AA-chain, get recognized by receptors–> opens gate –> Signal sequence spited and gets recycled
Transport across membranes
Signalsequence expressed in Translation by ribosomes in Cytoplasm gets recognized –< transference to Ribosomes bound to ER (ggf. post translational modification in ER)
Constutive secretion
Vesicles transportes continously from Golgi to Plasmic-membrane
Regulated secretion
Storage of Vesicles in Cytoplasm, controlled release
Steps in Vesicular transport
- Selection and Sorting of dispatched product (=Cargo), Vesicle formation –> coated in characteristic proteins (release of proteins after complete formation of vesicle)
- Vesicle movement (along Microtubuli and Argin)
- Vesicle Docking (receptors on membrane to other membrane)
- Membrane fusion and release of content
Cargo
Partiales transported by Vesicles
Receptorradiated Endocytosis
Particles bind to receptor, receptor coated in proteins, formation fo coated vesicle, uncoating
Phagocytosis
Membrane traffic of large particles
Which co-factors are involved in oxidative decarboxylation?
- Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
- Lipoamide
- FAD
- CoA
- NAD+
Which enzymes are involved in oxidative decarboxylation?
Enzymes forming pyruvate dehydrogenase complex:
- Lipoamide reductase-transacetylase
- Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
- Pyruvate decarboxylase
Beri-Beri syndrome
Deficiency in vitamin B1 which interferes with prosthetic group of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (TPP)
–> carbohydrate metabolism impaired
Causes
- damage to PNS
- decreased muscle strength and CO
Which enzymes and prosthetic group belong together in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
Steps of oxidative decarboxylation
- Decarboxylation of pyruvate by binding to TPP in E1 complex
- Oxidation and transfer to lipoamide in E2
- Transfer of Acetyl group (bound to E2) to CoA –> formation of Acetyl CoA
- Regeneration of oxidized lipoamide in E2 by oxidising FAD to FADH in E3
- Regeneration of oxidised E3 by NAD forming NADH
Lyzozyme (function, optinmal pH)
In tears: to kill bacteria
Optimal pH at around 5: anything higher Glutamate and Aspartate would be hydrolysed and non-functional
