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Year 1 MCD > Chromosomes and DNA > Flashcards

Chromosomes and DNA Flashcards

1
Q

Basal Transcription

A

low level of Transcription

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2
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Enzyme, synthesizes new DNA in 5’–>3’ direction + proofreads it

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3
Q

Transcription

A

Process of expressing DNA in RNA (in Nucleus)

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4
Q

Nucleoside

A

Sugar+Base

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5
Q

Transcriptionfactors

A

Factors that regulate Transcription

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6
Q

Chromatin

A

Components of DNA (a-Helix structure + Proteins)

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7
Q

lariat-structure

A

Formation of Intron, in which the Splice Donor Site binds to an A in the MRN and forms loop –> ,,lariat” (Lasso)

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8
Q

RNA Processing

A

Process to form mRNA from preRNA by cutting off the Introns and adding a CAP- structure and a polyA tail

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9
Q

DNA primase

A

Synthesises RNA primer

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10
Q

Interphase DNA

A

30nm fibre folded into loops

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11
Q

RNA repair DNA polymerase

A

Turns RNA Primer into DNA

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12
Q

RNA-polymerase 3

A

Transcribes tRNA + 5SRNA genes

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13
Q

DNA ligase

A

Links Okazaki fragments

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14
Q

Replication fork

A

“bubble” where DNA replication takes place

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15
Q

alternative Splicing

A

Cutting out of eg. mutations in Exons and thereby mimimization of damage to protein

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16
Q

Nucleosome

A

Stage of Packed DNA consisting of Histones and ca. 11nm wide

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17
Q

Splice Donor Site

A

Site at Begining of an Intron, Starts with Sequence GU

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18
Q

30nm fibre

A

6 Nucleosomes next to each other stacked together, 30nm wide, 40 fold condensatin

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19
Q

Translation

A

Process of eypressing RNA into Aminoacidsequence (Protein) in Cytoplasm

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20
Q

RNA-polymerase 1

A

Transcribes rRNA genes

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21
Q

Leading strand

A

Leitstrang, DNA strand which can be duplicated with only one Primer needed (5’–>3’ direction)

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22
Q

Splice Aceptor Site

A

Site at End of Intron, Sequence almost always Pyr15NCGA

23
Q

RNA-polymerase 2

A

Transcribes mRNAn!!!!

24
Q

Bidirektional replication

A

Replication takes places in two directions and many replication forks simmutaniously so replication is faster

25
Q

CAP structure

A

Structure wich is added at the begining of mRNA 5’ End as recognitionof mRNA –> important for Translation and protection of mRNA

26
Q

mRNA

A

mRNA Template for translation (formed during transcription)

27
Q

Gene expression

A

Process of “using” a gene

28
Q

Lagging Strand

A

Folgestrang, DNA strand which needs several primers to complete replication (3’–>5’ direction)

29
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA, brings Aminoacids to form Protein

30
Q

Antisense strand

A

DNA strand that is template for RNA formation (3’–>5’)

31
Q

Sliding Clamp

A

Protein that holds DNA polymerase on DNA for synthesis

32
Q

Nucleotide

A

Phosphate+Sugar+Base

33
Q

Spliceosome

A

Splicing Complex (snRNAP + Intron+Exon)

34
Q

DNA helicase

A

Separates DNA Strands for replication by using ATP

35
Q

pre-RNA

A

RNA which still needs to undergo RNA Processing to become RNA

36
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

exists

37
Q

polyA tail

A

Tail of Adenines which es beeing added at End of mRNA 3’ to protect RNA

11-30 Bases after AAUAAA sequence

38
Q

sense Strand

A

DNA stand that equals expressed RNA strand (5’–>3’)

39
Q

Non-coding RNAs

A

Any RNA molecule that is not translated into protein

Functional housekeeping RNA

40
Q

target DNA

A

DNA which should be replicated (in Cell based Cloning)

DNA which should be analysed (In NA hybidisation)

41
Q

replicon

A

DNA Sequence which is capable of indipendent replication (e.g. bacteria plasmid) and is beeing used in Cell based Cloning

42
Q

Restriction Endonuclease

A

Specific Enzyme which cuts target DNA and replicon (with compatible ends)

Recognises specific Base Pair sequences

43
Q

Blunt Ends

A

When Ribunuclease cuts straigth to two base pairs:

AC TG

TG AC

44
Q

Sticky Ends

A

When Endonuclease cuts not evenly throuhg Bases:

AGC T

TC GA

45
Q

Seperation of DNA by Electrophoresis

A

DNA phosphate backbone is negatively charged

When current applied travels to + ENd

The smaller the DNA sequences, the further they travel

46
Q

PCR (+Key processes)

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Denaturation (94°)

Annealing (50-60°)

Extending (72°)

47
Q

Primers in PCR

A
  • 20 NT –> specific

equal Tm to DNA

avoid complementary 5’, 3’ Ends

48
Q

Hybridisation Stringency

A

Accurancy with which complementary base paris bind to each other

High = one to one match

Low = Some mismatched occur

Higher with higher Temperatures and Lower Salt concentrations

49
Q

Nucleid Acid Hybridisation

A

Target DNA immobisised on statinary

Marked probe DNA added + binds to complementary strand

50
Q

pre-initiation complex

A

Complex formed by tRNA (+Met), ribosomal subunit, GTP, elF2

51
Q

Peptidyl transferase

A

Enzyme that catalysis peptide bond formation

52
Q

Elongation factors (ELF)

A

Promote movement of ribosome with use of GTP

53
Q

What is needed for PCR?

A

DNA

2 RNA primers

Taq (or heat stable) DNA polymerase

Nucleotides

54
Q

What are possible post translational modifications?

A

Proteolytic cleavage

Disulphide bond formation

Addition of carbohydrate (Glycosylation)

Addition of phosphate (Phosphorylation)

Addition of lipid groups (Acylation, Prenylation)

Year 1 MCD (10 decks)

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