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Year 1 MCD > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Summarise the two basic strategies used by the immune system to recognise danger and initiate a response

A
  1. One gene codes for one receptor protein (germ-line encoded), hundreds of genes–> detect molecular pattern Many cells same receptor

–> fast but not as efficient

  1. Random recombination of gene fragments give many different receptors –> detect specific structure efficient but slow, potential for autoimmunity
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2
Q

Name two types of triggers (PRR - pattern recognition receptors) for germ-line detection

A

PAMPs –> Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (e.g. specific surface proteins)

DAMPs –> Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (e.g. intracellular/ extracellular components wrong)

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3
Q

Antigen Specific receptors on lymphocytes

A

B: antigen binds intact antibody

T: two chains forms T cell receptor, bind to processed antigens –> One lymphocyte: many copies of same receptor on surface

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4
Q

Epitope

A

Binding site on Antigen

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5
Q

Innate immunity characteristics

A

Uses germ-lined antibodies

  • independent of previous exposure
  • fast
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6
Q

Innate immunity tasks

A
  • destroys invading Nucleic Acids (Viruses)
  • initiates inflammatory response + signals calling for help

–> buys time and directs further response

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7
Q

Adaptive Immunity characteristics

A
  • slow
  • specific
  • able to form memory –> secondary response much faster and more effective
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8
Q

Time innate vs adaptive immunity

A
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9
Q

Major Components of Immune respnse

A
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10
Q

Clonal Selection

A

Antigen binds to surface receptor on the B cellor the T celland causes selective expansion of that clone = clonal selection

Binding of lymphocyte to Antigen causes proliveration and survival

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11
Q

Primary Lymphoid organs

A

Organs Where Lymphcytes are produced:

Thymus (T-lymphoctes)

Bone Marrow (B-lymphocytes)

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12
Q

Secondary Lymphoid organs

A

Spleen

lymph nodes

mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)

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13
Q

Thymus

  • sturcure + function
A
  • production and proliveration of T-lymphocytes (output gets less over time)
  • two lopes with several lobules

Lobules:

dark staining areas outside (Cortex)

Brighter in middle (Medulla)

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14
Q

Lymph node

A

Germinal center –> occur with infection, proliveration of B-cells

Filter antigens in Lymph

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15
Q

Lymphocytre recirculation

A

L. circulate in Vessels –> into secondary lymphativ organs via

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16
Q

HEV

A

High endothelial venule

Site of Extravasation

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17
Q

Extravasation of naive lymphocytes

A
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18
Q

Explain CD

A

CD Markers (cluster of differrentiation) bind to important cell surface receptors for cell, different cells express different CD markers

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19
Q

CD makers of T-lymphocytes

A

All: 3

CD4–> T-helper cells

CD 8 –> cytotoxic T -cells

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20
Q

CD markers of B - lymphocytes

A
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21
Q

Recall physical barriers in immune defence

A

Skin

Muscous membranes (secretion traps 🦠, cilia transport them out)

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22
Q

Recall physiologial barriers (chemical)

A

Body temperature / fever

Low pH (gastric acid)

Chemical mediators (Lysosomes etc)

Phagocytic:cells ingest material

Inflammatory:local vascular permeability increases

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23
Q

Major Cell types of immune system

A
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24
Q

Neutrophil (distinction, function) , killing mechanism

A

Distinction: polymorphonuclear (nucleus several)

phagocytosis and killing of microbes

Oxygen in-dependent: enzymes, lyssomes, other peptides

Oxygen dependent: respiratory burst –> radicls, peroxydes, superoxides

40-70% of cells, circulating, first to go into infected or damaged tissue

Can form NET (Neutrophil, extracellular trap), network of neutrophils fibres and protein, tries to catch microorganisms

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25
Eosinophil (distinction, function)
halbrunder zellkern phagocytosis granule release defence against parasitic infections help B cell responses in GALT (IgA production)
26
Basophil (distinction, funtion)
Stain dark,
27
Monocyte /Macrophage (distinction, function)
Present in Tissues, signal infection by release of solouble mediators, phagocytosis and killing, APC Macrophage = activated Monocyte
28
Macrophage
29
Mast cell (disginction, function)
granule release (pro inflammatory)
30
Dendritic cell
Anitgen capture and presentation Secrete Cytokines
31
Natural killer cell (NK)
lysis of infected cells
32
Movement of neutrophils into tissues
33
Opsonisation
Coating of microorganisms into proteins --\> easier for phagocytosis (Monocytes bind to Microorganism thoruigh osonins)
34
Opsonins
molecules that bind to antigen and phagocytes, proteins that coat microorganisms Can be antibodies and complements
35
Cytokine definition
Small proteins, messengers of immune System, generally act locally Highly effective at low dosage --\> short life span
36
Structure of antibody
2 light, 2 heavy chains (each always identical) Fab, FC domain (Fab = interaction) Constant part and variable part (binding to antigen, 3 hypervariable regions)
37
complementarity determining regions (CDR’s)
3 hypervariable regions on Antibodies that bind to Antigen
38
Antibody Affinity
numbers and strenght of non-covalent interactions of one single antibody binding site with a single epitope
39
Antibody Avidity
overall strenth of antibody binding as a summ of multiple Antibody binding sites binding to multiple Antigen epitopes
40
Antibody cross reactivity
One Antibody may bind to other Antigen (which it was not produced for)
41
IgG Antibodies
4 Subclases --\> transported across placenta for protectin of baby --\> blood + extracellular fluid --\> classic complement activation
42
IgA Antibodies
dimer, linkes through joining chain + disulphide bridges secreted in muscus defence from bacteria, viruses etc.
43
IgM Antibodies
Form pentomers --\> 10 binding sites \> Affinity, \< Avidity First class to be made
44
IgE Antibodies
low concentration Involved in parasitic response and allergies
45
IgD Antibodies
expressed on B-cell surfaces
46
Effects of Antibody binding
Neutralisation Agglutination Opsonisation Complememtn activation ADCC (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity)
47
antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
ADCC, Antibodies bind to Antigen on cell and mark it FC receptors of other immune cells bind to it, kill cell
48
B-lymphocites origin and Maturation
Origin: Hematopoietic stemm cells Maturation: in Bone Marrow Gene recombination for diversity, dow selection of antibodies which are not harmful (don't detect "self")
49
B cell activation
Always need secound stroke to get activated (not just antigen alone) 1. Thymus independant --\> Antigen binding (e.g. bacterial polysaccharides) + binding of e.g. LPS (produced by bacteria) 2. Thymus dependant T- helper cells activate B cells --\> secrete cytokines, bind to B-cells
50
T cells origin + maturation
Origin from bone marrow, mature in thymus --\> recognize processed antigen fragement on MHC molcule double negative --\> pre TCR--\> double positivem+ TCR--\> selection (CD4 or CD8)
51
CD Markers of T-Cells
All: CD3 (part of TCR) CD4: "helper cells" (MHC class 1) --\> activation of B Cells, pruduce cytokines CD8: MHC class 2 --\> cytokines, apostosis, cytotxic!
52
MHC (human name, basic facts)
Human: HLA Major Histocompatibility comples idicatio of healthy self + presenting antigens to t cells Class 1 and 2
53
MHC class 1:
- transplantation antigens ( CD8) 1 heavy chain inkl. 1 transmembrane region + 1 light chain ca. 8-10 AA/ peptide all nucleated cells (endogenous Antigen)
54
MHC class 2
present Atigen to T helper CD4+ two equally big heavy chains inkl. two transmembrane reigions anitigen presenting cells \>13 AA polypeptieds (exogenous antigen presentation)
55
Endogenous AG
Antigen made in cell (e.g. virus infected cell) Present to CD8+ on MHC class 1
56
Exogenous AG
Cought from outside Present to CD4+ on MHC 2
57
Antigen presenting Cells
Dendritic Cells B-lymphocytes Macrophages
58
T cell activation (by Dendritic cell)
Induction --\> DC catches AG + presentation on suface, moves to lymph nodes Effector --\> AG recognition by T-cell --\> Naïve T-cell becomes Effector Effector kills cells Memory
59
3 Signal model
3 signals required for T-cell activation: 1. Antigen recogniton 2. Co-stimmulatin (other receptors, suface-surace interaction) 3. Cytokine response (produced by APC)
60
CD8 effector cell
induce apostosis --Y when recgnize antigens --\> polarisation and ganuloes released, induced through perforin pore --\> one T cell kills several infected cells
61
CD4 effector T cells
differentiation into different subsets, defined by different produced cytokines Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg, Tfh Funtion: 1. Macrophage activation
62
Three functions of CD4 eiffector cells
1. Macrophage Activation 2. Delayed Type Hypersensivity 3. B-cell activation
63
T cell exhaustion
when t cells see antigen too often --\> get shut down, exhausted (e.g. in cancer)
64
Why is immune regulation important?
Prevent response against self avoid excessive lymphocyte activation avoid tissue damage
65
Distinguish between active and passive immune regulation
Passive: removing the pathogen --\> no initiation of response Active --\> tolerance
66
List and explain different principles of immunonological tolerance
Anergy : co-stimmulation missing Ignorance: Antigen concentratin too low, no APC im tissue (e.g. eye) Antigen induced cell death: Antigen causes T cell apostosis Regulation: regulatory T cells (Treg) produce IL10 (cytokine) which inhibits other immune cells
67

Year 1 MCD (10 decks)

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