Metabolism

Question 1

Ideal fasting range

Acceptable range

Answer 1

3. 9-5.6

3. 3-7.2

Question 2

Substrates for gluconeogenesis

Answer 2

Lactate, glycerol, amino acids

Question 3

Insulin antagonists

Answer 3

Glucagon, adrenaline, cortisol, growth hormone

Question 4

Mechanisms of insulin

Answer 4

Decrease release of glucose from liver (inhibits glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis. Increases uptake of glucose and utilisation by peripheral tissue)
Increases uptake of glucose and its utilisation by peripheral tissues (muscle, adipose tissue)

Question 5

Glucose tolerance curve in normal, healthy individual

Answer 5

Max does not exceed 9-10mM (usually 7.2-8.9 at 30-60min)
Returns to normal fasting level within three hours (usually within 90-180min)
No glucose excreted in urine

Question 6

Glucose tolerance curve in mild or diet controlled diabetes mellitus

Answer 6

Fasting BGL may be within normal range
But insufficient insulin for prompt metabolism of ingested carbohydrate - blood glucose rises abnormally high levels, return to normal levels delayed
May be glucose excreted in urine.
Also accuse due to hyperpituitarism, hyperthyroidism, hyperadrenalism (cushing’s), and pancreatic and liver diseases

Some people also experience increased glucose tolerance (hypothyroidism, hyoadrenalism, hypopituitarism, malabsorption syndrome)

Question 7

CSIRO division of human nutrition recommendations

Answer 7

1 serve red meat
2 serves milk foods
3 serves fruit
4 serves vegetables
5 or more serves of cereals

Question 8

Concern to vegans

Answer 8

Iron and B12

B12 deficiency syndrome - peripheral neuritis and pernicious anaemia