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Biochemistry > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

metabolic pathway

A

series of enzyme catalyzed reactions

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2
Q

two major purpose of metabolism

A

1) to obtain usable chemical energy form the environment
2) to make specific molecules that cells need to live and grow

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3
Q

anabolic pathways

A

USE energy to build larger molcules (generally reductive)

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4
Q

electrons in anabolic pathways

A

used to make new bonds

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5
Q

catabolic pathway

A

release energy (generally oxidative)

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6
Q

electrons in catabolic pathway

A

removed as bonds are broken

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7
Q

Amphibolic pathway

A

operate in both anabolic and catabolic

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8
Q

carbohydrate storage

A

glycogen

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9
Q

fat storage

A

triacylglycerols

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10
Q

carbons in cataboilism

A

more oxidized (usually)

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11
Q

fatty acids oxidation

A

fatty acids are more reduced then carbohydrates and need more steps to ozidize them

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12
Q

Free energy

A

review symbols

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13
Q

What do you need for a reaction to proceed forward

A

DeltaG^1reaction must be negative (exergonic)

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14
Q

Actual Free energy > 0

A

reaction will not occur (in fowards direction)

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15
Q

Actual Free energy < 0

A

reaction will occur (spontanous)

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15
Q

Actual Free energy «0

A

May be irreversible

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15
Q

Actual Free energy appox 0

A

reaction is reversible

15
Q

free energy close to equilibrium

A

will be near 0

16
Q

irreversible steps

A

usually regulated

16
Q

Steady-State (metabolic pathways)

A

concertration of metaboilic intermediates often do not change drastically (the amount of water going in equals the amount of water going out)

16
Q

Free energy in Pathways

A

must be less then 0. Nothing happens if it’s not exergonic

17
Q

reversible steps

A

not usually regulated

18
Q

Rate-limiting step

A

irreversible regulated reaction that determines the overall rate

19
Q

product inhibition

A

An enzyme is inhibited by the product of its reaction (A being inhibited by B)

20
Q

feedback inhibition

A

An enzyme is inhibited by a metabolite further down the pathway (downstream) (A being inhibited by E)

21
Q

Upstream Activation
(feed-forward Activation)

A

A increase E. As A increases B,C,D would want to increase to maintain steady state.

21
Q

reciprocal regulation problem

A

opposing pathways catalyze the reverse of another pathway (short of like to people moving boxes in separate ways, no net movement but a waste of energy)

22
Q

reciprocal regulation

A

pathways are regulated to ensure that both do not operate simultaneously.

23
Q

High-energy intermediates

A

compounds which contain usable chemical energy

23
Q

Three major types of high energy molecules

A

Electron carriers, nucleoside triphosphates, thioesters

24
Q

Catabolism Ox or Red

A

Oxidative
metabolites are oxidized (lose electrons), cofactors are reduced (oxidizing agents), usually NAD+ and FAD

25
Q

Anabolism Ox or Red

A

reductive
metabolites are reduced (gain electrons), cofactors are oxidized (reducing agents), usually NADPH

26
Q

Nucleotides role in metabolism

A

electron carriers. The nitrogen base portion of these dinucleotides enables them to undergo a reversible reduction reaction

27
Q

FAD/FADH2 as a prostetic group

A

FADH2 must be reoxidized back to FAD for next enzyme cycle

28
Q

why is ATP high energy

A

phosphoanhydide bonds

29
Q

phosphoanyhdride bond

A

hydrolosis is -32kJ/mol, formation is +32 kJ/mol

30
Q

thioesters

A

high energy compunds, similar to esters but have no electron delocalization

31
Q

Adenosine triphosphate

A

energy currency, phophoanhydride bond makes it high energy. generated by catabolism

32
Q

Adenosine triphosphate genrrated by catabolism

A

direclty as part of enzyme rxn, via reduction of NADH/FADH2

33
Q

Adenosine triphosphate uses

A

driving unfavourable reactions (coupling), movement (muslces), primary active transport (ion pump).

34
Q

Coupling of free energies

A

free energy changes for reactions are additive. An unfavourable rxn can occur if a favourable rxn occurs in concert, combined they must be spontaneous.

35
Q

Phosphate transfer potential

A

free energies of hydrolysis for phosphate-containing compounds

Biochemistry (4 decks)

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