METABOLISM Flashcards
sum total of all the reactions that take place in a living cell.
metabolism
reactions are arranged into
pathways
two reactions are connected through a common intermediate
coupled
larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones in a process that usually releases energy
catabolism
larger molecules are made from small ones in a process the usually requires energy
anabolism
used to shuttle chemical energy from catabolism to anabolism.
ATP
synthesis of glucose from pyruvate
gluconeogenesis
Supply of monomers (or precursors of) required by cells for growth
nutrients
Required by all cells
carbon
Key element in proteins, nucleic acids, and many more cell constituents
nitrogen
other macronutrients
magnesium
calcium
sodium
phosphorus
sulfur
potassium
Key component of cytochromes and FeS proteins involved in electron transport
iron
Nutrient solutions used to grow microbes in the laboratory
culture media
precise chemical composition is known
defined media
composed of digests of chemically undefined substances (e.g., yeast and meat extracts)
complex media
Contains compounds that selectively inhibit growth of some microbes but not others
selective media
Contains an indicator, usually a dye, that detects particular chemical reactions occurring during growth
differential media
the substance oxidized in a redox reaction
electron donor
the substance reduced in a redox reaction
electron acceptor
substrate-level phosphorylation; ATP directly synthesized from an energy-rich intermediate
fermentation
oxidative phosphorylation; ATP produced from proton motive force formed by transport of electrons
respiration
a common pathway for catabolism of glucose
glycolysis (embden-meyerhof pathway)
proteins bound to inside surface of cytoplasmic membrane; active site binds NADH and accepts 2 electrons and 2 protons that are passed to flavoproteins
NADH dehydrogenases
contains flavin prosthetic group (e.g., FMN, FAD) that accepts 2 electrons and 2 protons but only donates the electrons to the next protein in the chain
flavoproteins
Proteins that contain heme prosthetic groups
cytochromes
Hydrophobic non-protein-containing molecules that participate in electron transport
quinones
generation of pH gradient and an electrochemical potential across the membrane
proton motive force
complex that converts proton motive force into ATP
ATPase
two components of ATPase
F1 and F0
pathway through which pyruvate is completely oxidized to CO2
citric acid cycle
necessary for fatty acid biosynthesis
Acetyl-CoA
required for synthesis of cytochromes, chlorophyll, and other tetrapyrrole compounds
Succinyl-CoA
precursors of several amino acids
a-Ketoglutarate and oxalacetate
The use of electron acceptors other than oxygen
anaerobic respiration
Uses inorganic chemicals as electron donors
chemolithotrophy
uses light as energy source
phototropy
light-mediated ATP synthesis
photophosphorylation
use ATP for assimilation of CO2 for biosynthesis
photoautotrophs
use ATP for assimilation of organic carbon for biosynthesis
photoheterotrophs
