Metabolism Flashcards
What are enzymes made of
Globular Protein
Tertiary or quaternary structure
What are enzymes
Catalysts that cause chemical reactions to occur at lower activation energy
Metabolism refers to what
All of the chemical reactions within a cell or organism
Metabolic pathway
A series of enzyme chemical reactions which products of one reaction become the substrates for the next reaction
Activation energy
The energy required to cause molecules to react with one another
Active site
Part of the enzyme that fits with the substrate
What happens to an enzyme after reactions
Left unaltered
Substrate
A reactant in a reaction controlled by an enzyme
Product
The end result of a chemical reaction
Lock and key theory
E+S –> ES complex —> E+P
Co-enzyme/Co-factor
A molecule that aids in the action of an enzyme
Hydrolytic enzymes
Break apart molecules using hydrolysis
Ex/ digestion
Dehydration synthesis enzymes
Bond molecules together using dehydration synthesis
Ex/ in liver and muscles when glucose unit molecules are connected together to produce glycogen
What are co-enzymes made of
Organic
Vitamins
What are co-factors made up of
Minerals
Inorganic
3 main factors that influence yield
Denaturation
Concentration of substrate or enzyme
Presence of inhibitors
What can denature an enzyme
High temp
Addition of heavy metals
High or low pH
What happens to an enzyme when the pH is higher or lower then the optimum
They denature
What happens if the temperature is higher and lower then the enzymes temperature optimum
Low temp=low molecular movement
High temp= enzymes denature
Limiting factor
When substrate or enzymes are short in supply
Inhibitors
Competitive inhibitors block the active site
Decrease yield
What is Thyroxin and function
A protein hormone
Produced by thyroid gland
Thyroxine tells cells to increase production of enzymes involved in cellular respiration
Hypothyroidism
Low thyroxine
⬇️ cellular respiration
⬇️ glucose burned
Glucoses stored as glycogen then fat
⬇️ATP produced
Feeling low in energy/chilly
Hyperthyroidism
⬆️ thyroxin
⬆️ cellular respiration
⬆️glucose burned
No excess glucose stored - no weight gain
⬆️ATP
Active/ warm
