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Bio 12 > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Define a polar molecule

A

When electrons aren’t shared equally

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2
Q

Where can hydrogen bonds form

A

Between any polar molecules

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3
Q

List 3 properties of water (due to hydrogen bonding)

A
  1. It’s an excellent solvent
  2. It’s a good lubricant
  3. It’s a good temperature regulator
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4
Q

What is an acid and example

A

They dissociate to give up H+ ions
Have a pH of less then 7
HCl - found in the stomach

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5
Q

What is a base (alkaline) and example

A

Dissociates to give up OH-
Has a pH grater then 7
NaHCO3 found in pancreatic juice

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6
Q

What is the pH of blood

A

Between 7.38-7.42

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7
Q

Why does hemoglobin act as a buffer

A

It will bond to any extra H+ to maintain a steady pH

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8
Q

What is the pH of the stomach why is it acidic

A

1.5 - 3.5 do to the presence of HCl which is used to kill of pathogens (bacteria)

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9
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Forming a polymer by removing water to link unit molecules together

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10
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaking polymers into several smaller molecules using water

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11
Q

Polymer

A

A large molecule made up of many identical sub-units

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12
Q

Carbohydrates consist of what elements

A

Carbon hydrogen oxygen (CH2O)
(2H to every O)

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13
Q

What is a monomer of carbohydrates called
(ex)

A

Monosaccharide
Glucose (C6H12O6)

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14
Q

Dimer of carbs and example

A

Disaccharides (two sugars)
Glucose + glucose = maltose (C12H22O11)

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15
Q

What are the 3 most common polysaccharides

A

Cellulose
Startch
Glycogen

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16
Q

What is the structure and use for startch

A

A somewhat branched chain
Energy storage in plants

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17
Q

What is the structure and use for glycogen

A

Highly branched chain
Energy storage in animals

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18
Q

What is the structure and use for cellulose?

A

An unbranched chain
Forms cell walls of plants
Not digestible

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19
Q

What are the two main types of carbohydrates?

A
  1. Symple carbs
    Quickly digested, spikes blood sugar
    (honey, sugar, fruit)
  2. Complex carbohydrates
    Takes longer to digest, sustainable energy
    (Whole grains, veggies)
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20
Q

What is your body’s primary source of energy?

A

Carbohydrates

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21
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Amino acids

22
Q

What is deamination?

A

The removal of the amine group from an amino acid

23
Q

What are peptide bonds?

A

Formed by dehydration synthesis to join amino acids together

24
Q

Dipeptide

A

Two amino acids joined together
Ex. hemoglobin, insulin
Remove water to form bonds

25
Q

N – C – C – N – C – C – N – C – C – N

A

This is the backbone of a polypeptide chain

26
Q

Describe primary structure of a protein

A

Linear sequences of amino acids in its polypeptide chains

27
Q

What is denaturation?

A

Proteins lose their original structure due to factors like heat pH chemicals (no longer function)

28
Q

Describe the secondary structure of proteins

A

Forms because of hydrogen bonding between amino acids results in a helix or spiral shape

29
Q

Describe tertiary structure of protiens

A

Is folding into a 3-D globular shape, held together by bonds, such as hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, covalent bonds and disulphide bridges. globular protein

30
Q

Quaternary structure of proteins

A

More than one polypeptide chain also has a 3-D shape and it’s called a globular protein

31
Q

Uses of proteins

A

Structural - ex collagen
Enzymes - catalysts (speed up CR)
Hormones - chemical messengers that travel through blood streams
Transport - ex. Hemoglobin
Storage - albumin
Contractile - muscle proteins
Antibodies - produced by white blood cells

32
Q

Neutral fats (triglycerides) are made of…

A

3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol

33
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

No double bond
Solid at room temp
More sense

34
Q

Mono unsaturated fatty acids

A

Double bond
Liquid at room temp
Less dense

35
Q

3 uses of neutral fats

A

Story energy (long term)
Insulation
Cushioning (around organs)

36
Q

Phospholipids contain

A

1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group

37
Q

What part of a phospholipids are hydrophobic (water-hating)

A

The fatty acid tails

38
Q

What part of phospholipids are hydrophilic (water-loving)

A

The head: The phosphate group
and 1 glycerol

39
Q

Uses of cholesterol

A

Metabolism
Growth and development
Hormone regulator

40
Q

Two types of hormones

A

Protein
Steroids

41
Q

What makes each amino acid different

A

The r group

42
Q

Double bonds between the carbs in lipid bonds indicate

A

Unsaturated fatty acid

43
Q

Function of steroids

A

Hormones and cholesterol

44
Q

Function of phospholipids

A

Form cell membrane

45
Q

What fatty acid might be considered brain food

A

Omega 3 fatty acids

46
Q

What fatty acid can lead to cancer and cardiovascular disease

A

Trans fatty acids

47
Q

What are the 4 classes of organic polymers

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipid
Nucleic acids

48
Q

DNA

A

Double helix
Deoxyribose
ATGC

49
Q

RNA

A

Single helix
Ribose
AUGC

50
Q

What 2 polymers form hormones

A

Proteins
Steroids

51
Q

Which polymers make up chromosomes and genes

A

Nucleic acid

52
Q

Neutral fat polymer

A

Composed of 3 fatty acids
Ex. Glycerol

Bio 12 (5 decks)

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