Biochemistry

Question 1

Define a polar molecule

Answer 1

When electrons aren’t shared equally

Question 2

Where can hydrogen bonds form

Answer 2

Between any polar molecules

Question 3

List 3 properties of water (due to hydrogen bonding)

Answer 3

1. It’s an excellent solvent
2. It’s a good lubricant
3. It’s a good temperature regulator

Question 4

What is an acid and example

Answer 4

They dissociate to give up H+ ions
Have a pH of less then 7
HCl - found in the stomach

Question 5

What is a base (alkaline) and example

Answer 5

Dissociates to give up OH-
Has a pH grater then 7
NaHCO3 found in pancreatic juice

Question 6

What is the pH of blood

Answer 6

Between 7.38-7.42

Question 7

Why does hemoglobin act as a buffer

Answer 7

It will bond to any extra H+ to maintain a steady pH

Question 8

What is the pH of the stomach why is it acidic

Answer 8

1.5 - 3.5 do to the presence of HCl which is used to kill of pathogens (bacteria)

Question 9

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 9

Forming a polymer by removing water to link unit molecules together

Question 10

Hydrolysis

Answer 10

Breaking polymers into several smaller molecules using water

Question 11

Polymer

Answer 11

A large molecule made up of many identical sub-units

Question 12

Carbohydrates consist of what elements

Answer 12

Carbon hydrogen oxygen (CH2O)
(2H to every O)

Question 13

What is a monomer of carbohydrates called
(ex)

Answer 13

Monosaccharide
Glucose (C6H12O6)

Question 14

Dimer of carbs and example

Answer 14

Disaccharides (two sugars)
Glucose + glucose = maltose (C12H22O11)

Question 15

What are the 3 most common polysaccharides

Answer 15

Cellulose
Startch
Glycogen

Question 16

What is the structure and use for startch

Answer 16

A somewhat branched chain
Energy storage in plants

Question 17

What is the structure and use for glycogen

Answer 17

Highly branched chain
Energy storage in animals

Question 18

What is the structure and use for cellulose?

Answer 18

An unbranched chain
Forms cell walls of plants
Not digestible

Question 19

What are the two main types of carbohydrates?

Answer 19

1. Symple carbs
   Quickly digested, spikes blood sugar
   (honey, sugar, fruit)
2. Complex carbohydrates
   Takes longer to digest, sustainable energy
   (Whole grains, veggies)

Question 20

What is your body’s primary source of energy?

Answer 20

Carbohydrates

Question 21

What are proteins made up of?

Answer 21

Amino acids

Question 22

What is deamination?

Answer 22

The removal of the amine group from an amino acid

Question 23

What are peptide bonds?

Answer 23

Formed by dehydration synthesis to join amino acids together

Question 24

Dipeptide

Answer 24

Two amino acids joined together
Ex. hemoglobin, insulin
Remove water to form bonds

Question 25

N – C – C – N – C – C – N – C – C – N

Answer 25

This is the backbone of a polypeptide chain

Question 26

Describe primary structure of a protein

Answer 26

Linear sequences of amino acids in its polypeptide chains

Question 27

What is denaturation?

Answer 27

Proteins lose their original structure due to factors like heat pH chemicals (no longer function)

Question 28

Describe the secondary structure of proteins

Answer 28

Forms because of hydrogen bonding between amino acids results in a helix or spiral shape

Question 29

Describe tertiary structure of protiens

Answer 29

Is folding into a 3-D globular shape, held together by bonds, such as hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, covalent bonds and disulphide bridges. globular protein

Question 30

Quaternary structure of proteins

Answer 30

More than one polypeptide chain also has a 3-D shape and it’s called a globular protein

Question 31

Uses of proteins

Answer 31

Structural - ex collagen Enzymes - catalysts (speed up CR) Hormones - chemical messengers that travel through blood streams Transport - ex. Hemoglobin Storage - albumin Contractile - muscle proteins Antibodies - produced by white blood cells

Question 32

Neutral fats (triglycerides) are made of…

Answer 32

3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol

Question 33

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 33

No double bond Solid at room temp More sense

Question 34

Mono unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 34

Double bond Liquid at room temp Less dense

Question 35

3 uses of neutral fats

Answer 35

Story energy (long term) Insulation Cushioning (around organs)

Question 36

Phospholipids contain

Answer 36

1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group

Question 37

What part of a phospholipids are hydrophobic (water-hating)

Answer 37

The fatty acid tails

Question 38

What part of phospholipids are hydrophilic (water-loving)

Answer 38

The head: The phosphate group and 1 glycerol

Question 39

Uses of cholesterol

Answer 39

Metabolism Growth and development Hormone regulator

Question 40

Two types of hormones

Answer 40

Protein Steroids

Question 41

What makes each amino acid different

Answer 41

The r group

Question 42

Double bonds between the carbs in lipid bonds indicate

Answer 42

Unsaturated fatty acid

Question 43

Function of steroids

Answer 43

Hormones and cholesterol

Question 44

Function of phospholipids

Answer 44

Form cell membrane

Question 45

What fatty acid might be considered brain food

Answer 45

Omega 3 fatty acids

Question 46

What fatty acid can lead to cancer and cardiovascular disease

Answer 46

Trans fatty acids

Question 47

What are the 4 classes of organic polymers

Answer 47

Carbohydrates Proteins Lipid Nucleic acids

Question 48

DNA

Answer 48

Double helix Deoxyribose ATGC

Question 49

RNA

Answer 49

Single helix Ribose AUGC

Question 50

What 2 polymers form hormones

Answer 50

Proteins Steroids

Question 51

Which polymers make up chromosomes and genes

Answer 51

Nucleic acid

Question 52

Neutral fat polymer

Answer 52

Composed of 3 fatty acids Ex. Glycerol