Metabolism

Question 1

Energy Intake/Absorptive Efficiency

Answer 1

oxidation of carbon and hydrogen in dietary molecule; carbohydrates, protein, and fat

Question 2

Energy out is used for

Answer 2

membrane transport, mechanical work, and chemical work; synthesis of short-term energy storage (ATP) and long term storage (glycogen)

Question 3

Fed State

Answer 3

following a meal, when the products of digestion are being absorbed, used, and stored

Question 4

is the fed state anabolic or catabolic

Answer 4

anabolic; synthesis of complex molecules from smaller molecules

Question 5

What occurs in glucose metabolism

Answer 5

most plasma is used for immediate energy production, some is stored as glycogen

Question 6

What is liver glycogen used for?

Answer 6

regulating blood glucose

Question 7

What is muscle glycogen used for?

Answer 7

to power muscle contraction

Question 8

Where is glycogen stored?

Answer 8

in the liver and muscles

Question 9

Excess glucose turns into lipids through what process

Answer 9

lipogenesis

Question 10

What will happen if you eat excess protein?

Answer 10

the amino acid will go through gluconeogenesis and turn into glucose

Question 11

Where is lipoprotein lipase found?

Answer 11

In the capillary beds surround adipose tissue

Question 12

What kind of lipid is used for immediate energy production?

Answer 12

free fatty acids

Question 13

What is the fasted state?

Answer 13

once all nutrients from a meal have been diegsted, absorbed, and distributed to various cells; plasma glucose begins to fall

Question 14

is the fasted state anabolic or catabolic?

Answer 14

in a net catabolic state; breakdown of complex molecules into smaller molecules

Question 15

What is the first to occur in the fasted state?

Answer 15

liver glycogen becomes glucose

Question 16

what happens second in the fasted state

Answer 16

adipose lipids become free fatty acids and glycerol that enter blood

Question 17

What happens third in the fasted state?

Answer 17

muscle glycogen can be used for energy, muscles use fatty acids and break down their proteins to amino acids that enter the blood

Question 18

What is the last thing to happen in a fasted state

Answer 18

the brain uses glucose and ketones for energy

Question 19

What does the muscle lack that the liver has that helps the liver make glucose?

Answer 19

glucose-6-phosphatase

Question 20

What does glucose-6-phosphatase do?

Answer 20

it removes a phosphate group from glucose-6-phosphate which creates glucose

Question 21

Does the muscle make glucose?

Answer 21

Not directly, the muscle goes through glycolysis and makes pyruvate and lactate which goes to the liver to be made into glucose (gluconeogenesis)

Question 22

What happens during the fasted state, when the fat storage is being targeted?

Answer 22

perilipin gets phosphorylated so that the fat can be accessed, hormone-sensitive lipase gets activated by the phosphorylation as well and digested the fat into free fatty acids and glycerol

Question 23

What signal activates perilipin and hormone-sensitive lipase to begin to break down the fats?

Answer 23

a high catecholamine to low insulin ratio

Question 24

What are 3 ways that skeletal muscle contributes to glucose homeostasis during a fasted state?

Answer 24

glucose sparing, Cori cycle, breaking down proteins and then turning those into glucose (glucogenesis)

Question 25

What occurs during glucose sparing

Answer 25

the skeletal muscle is dependent on fatty acids for an energy source (instead of glucose)

Question 26

What occurs during the Cori cycle

Answer 26

glycogen is converted to pyruvate and lactate through glycolysis and goes to the liver to be converted to glucose (can be brought back to the muscle so it is considered a cycle)

Question 27

How does skeletal muscle break down proteins and turn it into glucose?

Answer 27

gluconeogenesis

Question 28

What does the brain use as energy molecules

Answer 28

glucose and ketones

Question 29

insulin

Answer 29

hormone of energy usage and storage

Question 30

glucagon

Answer 30

hormone of energy release

Question 31

alpha cells secrete

Answer 31

glucagon

Question 32

beta cells secrete

Answer 32

insulin

Question 33

metabolism is controlled primarily by

Answer 33

the insulin-glucagon ratio

Question 34

What signals stimulate insulin secretion?

Answer 34

high levels of plasma glucose, and high level of plasma amino acids

Question 35

What signals stimulate glucagon secretion

Answer 35

low level of plasma glucose, high level of plasma amino acids (you break down amino acids when you are in a fasted state for long enough to go through gluconeogenesis, or if you eat a lot of protein you still see glucagon release because you will want to turn it into glucose by gluconeogenesis)

Question 36

What dominates in a fed state

Answer 36

insulin

Question 37

What dominates in a fasted state

Answer 37

glucagon

Question 38

Insulin stimulates what

Answer 38

glucose oxidation, glycogen synthesis, fat synthesis, and protein synthesis

Question 39

Glucogon stimulates

Answer 39

glycogenolysis (glycogen to glucose), gluconeogenesis, and ketogenesis