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A&P 2 > GI 1 > Flashcards

GI 1 Flashcards

quiz

1
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system

A

salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

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2
Q

Describe the order of the alimentary canal

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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3
Q

Peritoneum

A

serous membranes within the abdominal cavity

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4
Q

what is the purpose of the peritoneum

A

supports blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

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5
Q

describe the parietal peritoneum

A

inside the surface of the body wall

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6
Q

describe the visceral peritoneum

A

surface of the internal organs

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7
Q

Peritoneal fluid

A

produced by serous membrane lining, provides essential lubrication allowing sliding without friction or irritation

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8
Q

intraperitoneal organs are located

A

within the peritoneal cavity

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9
Q

retroperitoneal organs are located…

A

behind the peritoneum

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10
Q

What is the function of the mesentery

A

prevents the GI tubes from getting tied up

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11
Q

What disease does the mesentery play a role in?

A

Crohn’s disease- chronic inflammation of the GI tract

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12
Q

What is the order of the GI histological layers? (lumen to outer)

A

transporting layer (epithelial), defense layer (immune and blood vessel cells), muscle layers (muscle cells), protection layer (connective tissue)

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13
Q

What 3 layers make up the mucosa

A

mucosal epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

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14
Q

Describe the mucosal epithelium

A

enterocytes, endocrine and exocrine signals; GI stem cells

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15
Q

what do enterocytes do

A

transport (take substances into cells and also secrete substances out)

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16
Q

describe the lamina propria

A

connective tissue contains nerve fibers, vessels, and lymph nodes; wondering immune cells

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17
Q

describe the muscularis mucosae

A

thin layer of smooth muscle, shape intestinal folds, move villi

18
Q

Which layer is the submucosa

A

defense layer

19
Q

describe the submucosa

A

loose connective tissue containing larger blood and lymph vessels (transporting absorbed nutrients)

20
Q

What is the submucosal plexus

A

Meissner’s plexus; nerve supply to the muscularis mucosae

21
Q

The Muscularis Externa is what layer of the GI tract?

A

muscular layer

22
Q

what makes up the muscularis externa

A

2 layers of smooth muscle: inner layer: circular, outer layer: longitudinal
myenteric plexus: located between 2 muscle layers

23
Q

peristalsis

A

move food along; mainly in the esophagus

24
Q

segmentation

A

mix food and break it down; mainly in the small and large intestine

25
Q

GI smooth muscle contraction frequency is set by:

A

basic electrical rhythm
(slow waves 3-20 waves; set by pacemaker cells)

26
Q

What are the pacemaker cells in the GI called

A

interstitial cells of Cajal; modified smooth muscle cells that lie between muscle and nerve plexus

27
Q

What can influence contraction frequency

A

mechanical or chemical input

28
Q

what are features of the enteric nervous system that are similar to the CNS?

A

integrating center, glial cells, respond to many neurotransmitters and GI peptides to affect motility and secretion

29
Q

Elevated VIP (Gs coupled pathway) has been found in inflammatory bowel diseases, irritable bowel syndrome, what are some possible symptoms based on your knowledge on the receptors involved?

A

decreased motility (no smooth muscle contraction); increased secretion (vasodilator)

30
Q

Functions of saliva

A

softens and lubricates food, chemical digestion, taste, protection

31
Q

The acinar cells secrete what kind of fluid

A

a fluid that resembles extracellular fluid; isotonic; low in K, isotonic levels of Na+, Cl-, bicarb

32
Q

in the ductal cells, what is absorbed into the blood and what is secreted out of the blood into the oral cavity

A

absorbed= Na+, Cl-
secreted= bicarb, K+

33
Q

during salivary stimulation…

A

ductal modification reduces, bicarb remains high by the action of secretagogues

34
Q

What is the resting pressure in the gastroesophageal junction

A

30 mmHg

35
Q

What are substances that reduce gastroesophageal junction pressure?

A

alcohol, caffeine, cigarette smoke, chocolate

36
Q

What is a pathological condition that is caused from a sphincter (esophageal) failing to close

A

GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disease; causes heartburn because stomach acid is traveling towards the esophagus

37
Q

What are conditions that increase the pressure in the gastroesophageal junction?

A

diseases and medications

38
Q

What is a pathological condition that is when the lower esophageal sphincter cannot relax (constricted)

A

Achalasia; difficulty swallowing, regurgitation of undigested food, chest pain because of the disruption of peristalsis

39
Q

What can cause achalasia?

A

degeneration of the nerve cells that innervate esophageal muscles

40
Q

How will VIP affect smooth muscle?

A

VIP will relax smooth muscle

41
Q

How will NO affect smooth muscle?

A

it will relax smooth muscle

A&P 2 (5 decks)

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