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A&P 2 > GI 3 > Flashcards

GI 3 Flashcards

1
Q

duodenum

A

common bile duct and pancreatic duct; lots of secretions occur; place where very acidic chyme enters (needs to be neutralized)

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2
Q

Jejunum

A

largest section of small intestine; where most of absorption is taking place

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3
Q

Ileum

A

Peyer’s patches or lymph nodules (defensive mechanisms), ileoceal valve

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4
Q

structures to support the unique functions of the small intestine

A

circular folds/plicae, villi, microvilli

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5
Q

What increases gastric empyting?

A

increase in peristaltic waves in the gastric pump, increased tone in the gastric reservoir, increased action of VIP on the pyloric sphincter

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6
Q

What neurotransmitters are involved in openning the pyloric sphincter?

A

NO and VIP

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7
Q

What promotes gastric emptying?

A

increased gastric volume, neural (ACh), hormone (gastrin)

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8
Q

What inhibits gastric empyting?

A

distension plus acid in duodenum, hormonal: GIP, CCK, secretin

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9
Q

Dumping Syndrome

A

when gastric emptying is not controlled because of a gastrectomy which could be affecting the feedback control of emptying; partly digested good draws excess fluid into the intestines

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10
Q

The symptoms of dumping syndrome (heart palpitations, nausea, ect) are due to…

A

hypo-and-hyper-glycemia

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11
Q

Dumping syndrome may lead to…

A

malabsorption; since you are affecting the feedback signals (like GIP)- you are affecting glucose homeostasis; and you are eliminating intrinsic factor emitting cells which leads to less B12 absorption

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12
Q

What is more predominant in the small intestine? Sementation or peristalsis?

A

sementation

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13
Q

In segmentation, the slow propulsion is possible due to…

A

a frequency gradient (higher frequency in duodenum and then decrease as you go distal)

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14
Q

What stimulates the migrating motor complex?

A

motilin

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15
Q

What inhibits the migrating motor complex?

A

feeding

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16
Q

What does the migrating motor complex do?

A

It is a bunch of peristalsis waves that clean out the system so that a new meal can come in and be digested

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17
Q

Secretin is secreted by what cells and where?

A

secreted by S cells, and secreted from the mucosa of the upper small intestine

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18
Q

What is the function of secretin?

A

to stimulate pancreatic bicarbonate secretion (to augment CCK functions), inhibits gastric emptying and gastric secretion

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19
Q

What triggers secretin?

A

acid (most prominent signal), products of protein digestion

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20
Q

What inhibits secretin?

A

when products of digestion move on to the lower portion

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21
Q

CCK is secreted by what cells and where

A

secreted by I cells, and in the mucosa of the upper small intestine

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22
Q

what are the functions of CCK

A

stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion, contraction of gallbladder, relaxation of sphincter of Oddi, inhibits gastric empyting and gastric secretion

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23
Q

What triggers the secretion of CCK?

A

amino acids, peptides, and fatty acids

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24
Q

bile digests

A

fat

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25
Q

CCK secretion is inhibited by

A

the production of digestion moving to the lower portion

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26
Q

What are similiarities between CCK and secretin?

A

they are both secreted by the 1st portion of the small intestine, both in small intestine lining, helping with pancreas secretion, both inhibit gastric emptying/ secretion, both inhibited when food moves away

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27
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

metabolic regulation, synthesis, storage, and detoxification

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28
Q

What does the liver do in term of metabolic regulation?

A

maintains normal glucose levels; carb, lipid, amino acid metabolism

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29
Q

What does the liver synthesize?

A

bile, plasma protein, clotting factors, and cholesterol

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30
Q

What does the liver store?

A

iron, glycogen, blood, fat-soluble vitamins

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31
Q

Bile is synthesized by

A

hepatocytes

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32
Q

What is one of the only ways that cholesterol is regulated?

A

by being secreted into the bile

33
Q

Bile is composed of

A

bile salts, bilirubin, cholesterol, and bicarb

34
Q

Bile is stored…

A

in the gallbladder

35
Q

Secretin increases the secretion of what by what

A

secretin increases secretion of bicarb by biliary tract

36
Q

CCK causes the…

A

contraction of the gallbladder and the release of stored bile ( allows sphincter to open-NO, VIP)

37
Q

Where is bile passively reabsorbed?

A

in the duodenum

38
Q

Where is bile actively absorbed?

A

The terminal ileum

39
Q

What is the only way to get rid of cholesterol?

A

through bile; cholesterol is added into bile and then eliminated from the body through the feces

40
Q

What is the pancreas exocrine function?

A

acini cells; secreting enzymes: precursors of proteases, lipase, and amylase (also secretes bicarb)

41
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

islets: to secrete hormones ( beta cells and alpha cells)

42
Q

When there is low pH, the pancreas secretes…

A

secretin ( secretion high in bicarb)

43
Q

when fatty acids are present, the pancreas secretes…

A

CCK (secretion high in enzymes)

44
Q

What kind of nervous stimulation stimulates pancreas secretion?

A

vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve)

45
Q

What is digestion?

A

macromolecules into absorbable units

46
Q

Describe absorption

A

mostly takes place in the small intestine; water and ions in the large intestine (primarily influenced by motility and secretion in the GI)

47
Q

Can carbohydrates be absorbed as disaccharides?

A

no, carbohydrates can only be absorbed as monosaccharides

48
Q

What is the function of amylase

A

amylase breaks carbohydrates into disaccharides (smaller glucose chains)

49
Q

What is the function of brush border enzymes?

A

break disaccharides into monosaccharides (to then be digested); located in the microvilli

50
Q

What is the function of SGLT1 in carb absorption?

A

it is a secondary active transporter(apical side); using the Na gradient established by Na/K ATPase to push glucose against its gradient into the cell and then into the blood using the GLUT2 transporter

51
Q

What kind of transport does GLUT5 use?

A

facilitated diffusion

52
Q

describe GLUT2

A

moves all monosaccharides and it is on the basolateral side

53
Q

If glucose is equal inside and outside the cell and lumen, what will happen

A

since we still have the Na gradient, we can still have some absorption of glucose into the blood (smaller amount tho due to the gradient)

54
Q

What will happen to transport of glucose in a low Na condition (lumen)

A

there will be little to no transport of glucose because glucose need the sodium gradient to be transported into the cell

55
Q

What is the purpose of endopeptidases?

A

they are proteases that attack peptide bonds; secreted by stomach, intestine, and pancreas as inactive proenzymes (pepsin, trypsin)

56
Q

What is the purpose of exopetidases

A

release single amino acids, secreted by pancreas (carboxypeptidase)

57
Q

Can proteins be absorbed as dipeptides?

A

yes, they can be absorbed as amino acids, dipeptides, tripeptides, and as larger peptides

58
Q

How are amino acids absorbed?

A

mostly by Na+ dependent active transport (cotransport with Na)

59
Q

How are dipeptides and tripeptides absorbed?

A

H+ dependent; PepT1 (cotransport with H+)

60
Q

how are larger peptides absorbed?

A

by transcytosis

61
Q

What is the first step in the digestion of fats?

A

emulsification (with bile salts)

62
Q

What is emulification?

A

a process that breaks down large lipid droplets to smaller bits; increases surface area available for lipase action

63
Q

What is step 2 of digesting fat?

A

enzymatic fat digestion

64
Q

What occurs during enzymatic fat digestion?

A

lipase and colipase digest triglycerides into monoglycerides and fatty acids; phospholipase digests phopholipids

65
Q

What is step 3 in fat digestion?

A

formation of bile micelles

66
Q

What occurs during the formation of bile micelles?

A

final end product; break down to be absorbed

67
Q

How are monoglycerides and fatty acids absorbed?

A

by diffusion (small and lipid soluble), then they recombine inside the cell to form the chylomicron, then the chylomicrons leave through the basolateral by exocytosis

68
Q

How is cholesterol absorbed

A

same as monoglycerides and fatty acids, but because cholesterol is a large molecule it uses a transporter to enter the cell

69
Q

What is the 1st step in the absorption of fat

A

monoglycerides and fatty acids enter the smooth ER and get converted into triglycerides

70
Q

What is the 2nd step of fat absorption?

A

in the rough ER, a protein coat is put onto the triglycerides and cholesterol and you get a chylomicron

71
Q

What is the 3rd step in fat absorption?

A

the chylomicron is too large to be transported in the blood, so it is transported by the lacteal ( in the lymphatic system)

72
Q

What products are absorbed into the hepatic portal system

A

carbohydrates and proteins (because they are water soluble)

73
Q

What products enter the lacteal?

A

chylomicrons

74
Q

describe the hepatic portal system

A

blood leaving gut, enters hepatic portal vein, second exchange site at liver sinusoids

75
Q

describe the blood in the hepatic portal vein

A

deoxygenated by nutrient rich

76
Q

most absorbed nutrients goes where first (and except for what)

A

the liver and (except for products of fat digestion- lacteal)

77
Q

Unique structures in the large intestine that support its functions

A

the tenia coli and the smooth muscle transition to skeletal muscle

78
Q

What occurs in the large intestine

A

segmentation and mass movement (when you have to poop); mucus secretion and water absorption, digestion of complex carbs and proteins through fermentation

A&P 2 (5 decks)

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