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A&P 2 > GI 2 > Flashcards

GI 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What structures of the stomach are anterior?

A

the cardia, fundus, body

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2
Q

What structures of the stomach are posterior

A

antrum (pyloric region), pyloric sphincer

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3
Q

What are the functional regions of the stomach

A

proximal (reservoir), distal (pump, grinder)

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4
Q

Structures that support the unique functions of the stomach

A

rugae and the oblique layer

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5
Q

What is the luminal secretion of the LES and the cardia

A

mucus and bicarb

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6
Q

What is the purposes of the LES and the cardia motility

A

Prevention of reflux, entry of food, regulation of belching (burping)

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7
Q

What do the fundus and the body of the stomach secrete?

A

H+, intrinsic factor, mucus, HCO3-, pepsinogens, lipases

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8
Q

What is the motility of the fundus and the body?

A

reservoir, tonic force during emptying

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9
Q

What do the antrum and the pylorus secrete?

A

mucus and HCO3-

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10
Q

What is the motility of the antrum and pylorus?

A

mixing, grinding, sieving, regulation of emptying

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11
Q

What are the different gastric secretions?

A

gastrin secretion, acid secretion, paracrine secretion, enzyme secretion (PAGE)

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12
Q

Acid is secreted by…

A

parietal cells in gastric glands

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13
Q

What is important about the tubulovesicular membrane (on a parietal cell)

A

it expresses H+,K+ pumps

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14
Q

What happens in parietal cell activation?

A

once the tubulovesicular membrane is activated, it will merge with the intracellular canaliculus (the fusion create a larger openning in the cell in which the H+/K+ pumps are found due to the fusion and it allows the cell to pump protons out-> the creation the HCl)

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15
Q

Acid secretion is stimulated by…

A

gastrin, ACh, histamine

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16
Q

Acid secretion is inhibited by…

A

prostaglandin E2 and somatostatin

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17
Q

What is motility?

A

the ability of the muscles of the digestive tract to contract

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18
Q

Would injecting VIP or ACh into the LES be an effective way to alleviate heart burn? Why?

A

By injecting ACh; ACh is a smooth muscle contractor, VIP is a smooth muscle relaxer= GERD is caused by relaxation, so to treat a symptom you would want to treat heartburn with ACh to increase smooth muscle motility

19
Q

HCl secretions increase when ___ binds to its receptor by increasing intracellular calcium levels

A

ACh, or gastrin (Gq-R)

20
Q

What is on the apical side of the parietal cell (in terms of pumps, channels)

A

H+/K+ pump, Cl- channel

21
Q

What happens to the blood pH after a meal?

A

the blood pH rises; because you are adding bicarb into the blood in order to secrete HCl-, this is referred to so the alkaline tide

22
Q

G cells are located…; and this tells us what about its secretions?

A

deep in the pits; they secrete gastrin into the blood (endocrine)

23
Q

Gastrin secretions are triggered by…

A

vagus nerve stimulation (through GRP); amino acids

24
Q

Gastrin secretions are inhibited by

A

acid, somatostatin

25
Q

What is the function of gastrin?

A

acts on parietal and ECL cells to stimulate acid release and stimulate mucosa growth in stomach, small and large intestine

26
Q

What are the 3 major paracrine secretions?

A

histamine, intrinsic factor, and somatostatin

27
Q

Histamine is secreted by…

A

ECL cells

28
Q

Histamine is stimulated by

A

gastrin and ACh

29
Q

Intrinsic factor is produced by…

A

parietal cells

30
Q

Somatostatin is secreted by

A

D cells

31
Q

Why is somatostatin important?

A

it is the primary feedback signal

32
Q

What are the two major enzymes secreted?

A

pepsin and gastric lipase

33
Q

pepsin is secreted by…

A

chief cells (as pepsinogen)

34
Q

pepsin is activated by…

A

acid or pepsin

35
Q

gastric lipase

A

breaks down lipids; cosecreted with pepsin

36
Q

receptive relaxation

A

relaxation of stomach muscles as food moves through the esophagus and enters stomach (getting ready for the food before it makes contact)

37
Q

adaptive relaxation

A

relaxation of stomach muscles when filled (food makes stomach relax)

38
Q

storage occurs where

A

in the proximal portion

39
Q

mixing/ peristalsis occurs where

A

in the distal portion of the stomach

40
Q

The stomach wall is not specialized for…, but it is specialized for… (how so)

A

not specialized for absorption, is specialized for protection (thick, alkaline mucus, tight junctions between epithelial cells, rapid replacement by GI stem cells)

41
Q

What is a gastric ulcer?

A

destruction of the lining of the gastric mucosa

42
Q

Taking what can provide relief for patients with stomach ulcers (to help with excess acid secretion)

A

Antacid

43
Q

What can treat ulcer patients that have H. pylori

A

antibiotics (Warren and Marshall’s study)

44
Q

What is cAMP’s effect on acid secretion?

A

cAMP increases acid secretion

A&P 2 (5 decks)

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