metabolism Flashcards
what is metabolism
sum of all chemical reactions in living cells
what is energy
ability to produce change , do work and move matter in a spontaneous way
what is metabolism
sum of all chemical activity in living cell
what is energy
ability to do work , move matter spontaneously , produce change
2 types of energy
kinetic and potential
energy conversion
switch of energy from kinetic to potential
where do we get energy from
food
what happens when organic nutrients enter cell
- breakdown of nutrient for CR leading to ATP production
- used to synthesize large molecules
what do enzyme do in metabolic pathways
they catalyze each steps
2 types of MP
Anabolic and Catabolic
what are catabolic MP
break large molecules into small ones and energy is released
what are Anabolic MP
build large molecules form smaller ones and it needs energy
what elements make up our body
O2, H, C , Ca, P , N
what makes up 96 % of our weight
C,H,O,N
what makes up 2.5 % of our weight
Ca, P
what is a chemical bond
force of attraction between atoms
name the 3 types of bonds
covalent , ionic , Hydrogen
which bonds are stronger
Covalent and Ionic
which bond is weaker
Hydrogen
what are covalent bonds
electron shared between 2 atoms
which bond contains all macronutrients our body needs
covalent
what is electronegativity
The attraction of a particular atom for the electrons in a covalent bond
what happens if a covalent bond is too diff.
the bond becomes polar
what is a polar bond
an unequal or exaggerated attraction or sharing of electron in a covalent bond
what is a non polar bond
an equal electron sharing and the electronegativity of bonds are similar
what is an ionic bond
when the electronegativity of a bond is too different , the electron is completely pulled toward an atom
compounds created by ionic bonds are
SALTS
important body ions
Na, K, Ca, Cl, H, HCO3( bicarbonate ) , PO4 ( phosphate)
importance of ions
CR, muscle contractions and stimulation , nerve impulses ,
what are hydrogen bonds
attraction between H+ and strong electro – atom
what do H bonds do
support double helix of DNA by connecting N bases between the strands
what are chemical reactions
when bonds are formed, rearranged or broken
what reactions involves catabolic MP
exergonic
what reactions involves anabolic MP
endergonic
what is free energy
measure of potential energy
what are exergonic reactions
release of energy when bonds are broken
which is higher in exergonic reactions
( product or reactant )
reactant
which is higher in endergonic reactions
( product or reactant )
product
what is energy coupling
body uses energy from catabolic MP to drive anabolic MP
what’s the link between endergonic and exergonic reactions
ATP ( permits transfer of energy from catabolic to anabolic )
what is the full name of ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
how many P bonds does ATP have
3
Why does ATP have high energy bonds?
3 negatively charged Ps at the end of the molecule → negative charges repel each other → unstable molecule → instability = high energy
what is phosphorylation
ATP transfers a group of P to another molecule to energize them
what types of cellular work does ATP promotes
anabolism , active transport, mechincal work ,
how does ATP work I transport work
Active transport is achieved by the phosphorylation of transport proteins which causes a conformational shape change allowing the passage of (molecule) across the membrane.
is ATP constantly regenerated
yes
how many molecules of ATP are consumed or recharged per sec
10 millions
how many kg of ATP do healthy humans use per day
45
but the amount present at all time is
1g
