enzymes + their regulation Flashcards
what happens if their is no enzyme for chem. reaction
it will happen at a deeply slower rate or it will be impossible for the reaction to happen
what are enzymes
catalyst which speed chemical reactions rates
what are majority of enzymes made of
proteins
no enzymes is equal to
↓ metabolic pathways = difficulty to maintain life
what is key to homoestasis
enzymes
how is reactant called when enzyme act on it
substrate
area of enzyme subtracts binds to
(groove or pocket on enzyme made of amino acids)
active site
all together they form
enzyme substrate complex
Induce fit def
conformational changes in shape of enzyme due to contact of active site and substrate
transition state
substrate reaches an unstable potential energy
activation energy
energy needed to convert reactant into transition state
which barrier decides rate of them reactions
activation energy
what are cofactors
organic or inorganic molecules which binds or stays with enzymes to help in catalyzation
what does heat contribute in reaction rate
it speeds ups the move of reactant movements to reach transition state quickly
what happens when thermal energy is higher
it is inappropriate for living organisms ad it denatures proteins and result in cell death
how does enzymes affect activation energy ( EA)
they decrease it to permit reactants to reach transition state
name the 4 ways Enzymes decrease EA
- be a template for substrate to join
- stress substrate bond
- provide favourable microorganism for reaction
- participate sometimes in chem. reactions
give 5 summary steps of how enzymes work
- substrate binds to active site
- enzyme substrate complex
- product formation
- product leaves
- enzyme return to original shape
what do enzymes mostly work with
cofactors or coenzymes
name examples of organic molecules
vitamins ( ex vitamin B)
name examples of inorganic molecules
metal ions ( iron , copper, zinc)
what happens if some enzyme require cofactors don’t have them
they are dysfunctional = so the active site is not the right shape for the substrate
which 2 types of vitamin B are essential for NAD + and FAD production
Riboflavin (VB2) and Niacin ( VB3)
what is full name of NAD
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
what is the energized form of NAD ( low energy form )
NADH
what is the full name of FAD
Flavin adenine Dinuclueotide
what is the energized form of FAD ( low energy form )
FADH2
what do NAD nad FAD work with
dehydrogenase enzyme
what are NAD nad FAD
coenzymes
where does NAD and FAD energy come from
electrons and hydrogen from glucose breakdown
dehydrogenase enzymes
remove hydrogen from reactant , glucose to give cofactors
what do dehydrogenase enzymes
give 2 electrons and 1 hydrogen to coenzymes and convert them into NADH and FADH2
