enzymes + their regulation

Question 1

what happens if their is no enzyme for chem. reaction

Answer 1

it will happen at a deeply slower rate or it will be impossible for the reaction to happen

Question 2

what are enzymes

Answer 2

catalyst which speed chemical reactions rates

Question 3

what are majority of enzymes made of

Answer 3

proteins

Question 4

no enzymes is equal to

Answer 4

↓ metabolic pathways = difficulty to maintain life

Question 5

what is key to homoestasis

Answer 5

enzymes

Question 6

how is reactant called when enzyme act on it

Answer 6

substrate

Question 7

area of enzyme subtracts binds to
(groove or pocket on enzyme made of amino acids)

Answer 7

active site

Question 8

all together they form

Answer 8

enzyme substrate complex

Question 9

Induce fit def

Answer 9

conformational changes in shape of enzyme due to contact of active site and substrate

Question 10

transition state

Answer 10

substrate reaches an unstable potential energy

Question 11

activation energy

Answer 11

energy needed to convert reactant into transition state

Question 12

which barrier decides rate of them reactions

Answer 12

activation energy

Question 13

what are cofactors

Answer 13

organic or inorganic molecules which binds or stays with enzymes to help in catalyzation

Question 14

what does heat contribute in reaction rate

Answer 14

it speeds ups the move of reactant movements to reach transition state quickly

Question 15

what happens when thermal energy is higher

Answer 15

it is inappropriate for living organisms ad it denatures proteins and result in cell death

Question 16

how does enzymes affect activation energy ( EA)

Answer 16

they decrease it to permit reactants to reach transition state

Question 17

name the 4 ways Enzymes decrease EA

Answer 17

1. be a template for substrate to join
2. stress substrate bond
3. provide favourable microorganism for reaction
4. participate sometimes in chem. reactions

Question 18

give 5 summary steps of how enzymes work

Answer 18

1. substrate binds to active site
2. enzyme substrate complex
3. product formation
4. product leaves
5. enzyme return to original shape

Question 19

what do enzymes mostly work with

Answer 19

cofactors or coenzymes

Question 20

name examples of organic molecules

Answer 20

vitamins ( ex vitamin B)

Question 21

name examples of inorganic molecules

Answer 21

metal ions ( iron , copper, zinc)

Question 22

what happens if some enzyme require cofactors don’t have them

Answer 22

they are dysfunctional = so the active site is not the right shape for the substrate

Question 23

which 2 types of vitamin B are essential for NAD + and FAD production

Answer 23

Riboflavin (VB2) and Niacin ( VB3)

Question 24

what is full name of NAD

Answer 24

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Question 25

what is the energized form of NAD ( low energy form )

Answer 25

NADH

Question 26

what is the full name of FAD

Answer 26

Flavin adenine Dinuclueotide

Question 27

what is the energized form of FAD ( low energy form )

Answer 27

FADH2

Question 28

what do NAD nad FAD work with

Answer 28

dehydrogenase enzyme

Question 29

what are NAD nad FAD

Answer 29

coenzymes

Question 30

where does NAD and FAD energy come from

Answer 30

electrons and hydrogen from glucose breakdown

Question 31

dehydrogenase enzymes

Answer 31

remove hydrogen from reactant , glucose to give cofactors

Question 32

what do dehydrogenase enzymes

Answer 32

give 2 electrons and 1 hydrogen to coenzymes and convert them into NADH and FADH2