cellular respiration and cytosol metabolism Flashcards
what is ACR
a type of CR that requires O2 to create ATP
what is Anaroebic CR
a type of CR which doesn’t require O2 ( fermentation )
what does ACR use to fuel body
carbs , fat and protein
what is CR formula
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + ADP + P1 = 6CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP and heat )
is glucose breakdown endergonic or exergonic
exergonic
when e + H are removed from glucose with what do they combine
O2 to form water then CO2
why can’t we do CR in one step
- because body temps isn’t high enough to permit rapid combination of H + O2
- if electrons are released all at once , the body wouldn’t have time to take and use them for body work
e + H + O2 binding is in which step
controlled process
does NADH pass its e- directly to O2
NO.
H2 + O2 + EA form what
an explosion
what does the explosive release represent
Energy release as there is a high electronegativity
so what happens if NADH releases its electrons directly to O2
the cell won’t be able to capture that explosive energy release ( uncontrolled reaction )
before transferring e- to O2 where does NADH release it
to ETC
does e- energy transfer increase or decrease with each transfer
decrease
who is the final or last electron acceptor
O2
who is the most versatile electron acceptor in CR
NAD
what does ETC consist of
proteins
where are ETC molecules made?
in the inner membrane of mitochondria
what is ETC
a chain of electrons pulled by O2-like gravity pulling objects down
what happens to molecules in ETC progressively
they increase in electronegativity
what are the 2 compartments of mitochondria
- matrix
- inter- membrane
what does the energy released from NADH and FADH2 used for
to produce an H+ concentration gradient ( protons ) in inner membranes
what is oxidative phosphorylation?
the transfer of elctrons from NADH + FADH2 to ETC to provide energy needed to decrease Ea in order to make ATP = H+ gradient created
what are the 4 steps of CR
- glycolysis
- pyruvate oxidation
- citric acid cycle
- Oxidative phosphorylation ( ETC + Chemiosmosis)
where does glycolysis occur
cytosol
is O2 for glycolysis
yes and no. glycolysis happens both ways
what happens to glycolysis if 02 is present
pyruvate and NADH energy will be extracted in mitochondria to produce ATP ( ACR)
what happens to glycolysis if 02 is not present
pyruvate and NADH will be used for fermentation in the cytoplasm
what is glycolysis
the first process of the catabolic pathway which breaks glucose down (spitting sugar)
what are the 2 catabolic pathways?
- glycolysis
- citric acid cycle
how does glycolysis break glucose down
it breaks it in 2 identical 3C molecules
what is pyruvate
end product of glycolysis which consists of 3C carbons
what are the 2 phases of glycolysis
- energy investment
- energy payoff
what is energy investment
used of 2 ATP
what is energy payoff
A. 4 ATP formed
B. 2 NADH formed
C. 2 pyruvate molecules left
What is G3P
the initial breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of 3C
is energy investment endergonic or exergonic
endergonic
how many ATP are formed per G3P
2 each which makes a total of 4 ATP
is energy payoff endergonic or exergonic
exergonic
what is fermentation
incompletion of CR in the absence of final electron acceptor
is fermentation aerobic or anaerobic
anaerobic
where does fermentation happen
in the cytosol after glycolysis
what happens if there is no O2
NADH cant give its electron and H+ to ETC
if there is no O2 what happens for glycolysis to continue
NADH is reconverted into NAD in order to make ATP in its absence.
What is lactic acid fermentation
( lactic acid or lactate )
when NADH give e- + H+ to pyruvate to become NAD+
what else produces lactic acid
certain bacteria and fungi in muscles cells
aneorobic conditon
high intensity contractions, short duration.
what happens when lactic acid accumulates
it causes muscle fatigue and pain
what happens when glycolysis and fermentation combine
they are 2.5 x faster than CR
where is lactate transported to
in liver to be converted in glucose or pyruvate used for cell energy
similarities of CR and fermenetation
same glycolysis process ( Pyruvate and ATP)
differences between CR and fermentation
- CR happens in the presence of O2 and Fermentation in the absence of O2
- CR completely breaks glucose while fermentation is not
