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101-987-DW HUMAN BODY FOR NURSES III > cellular respiration and cytosol metabolism > Flashcards

cellular respiration and cytosol metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

what is ACR

A

a type of CR that requires O2 to create ATP

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2
Q

what is Anaroebic CR

A

a type of CR which doesn’t require O2 ( fermentation )

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3
Q

what does ACR use to fuel body

A

carbs , fat and protein

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4
Q

what is CR formula

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + ADP + P1 = 6CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP and heat )

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5
Q

is glucose breakdown endergonic or exergonic

A

exergonic

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6
Q

when e + H are removed from glucose with what do they combine

A

O2 to form water then CO2

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7
Q

why can’t we do CR in one step

A
  1. because body temps isn’t high enough to permit rapid combination of H + O2
  2. if electrons are released all at once , the body wouldn’t have time to take and use them for body work
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8
Q

e + H + O2 binding is in which step

A

controlled process

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9
Q

does NADH pass its e- directly to O2

A

NO.

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10
Q

H2 + O2 + EA form what

A

an explosion

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11
Q

what does the explosive release represent

A

Energy release as there is a high electronegativity

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12
Q

so what happens if NADH releases its electrons directly to O2

A

the cell won’t be able to capture that explosive energy release ( uncontrolled reaction )

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13
Q

before transferring e- to O2 where does NADH release it

A

to ETC

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14
Q

does e- energy transfer increase or decrease with each transfer

A

decrease

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15
Q

who is the final or last electron acceptor

A

O2

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16
Q

who is the most versatile electron acceptor in CR

A

NAD

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17
Q

what does ETC consist of

A

proteins

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18
Q

where are ETC molecules made?

A

in the inner membrane of mitochondria

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19
Q

what is ETC

A

a chain of electrons pulled by O2-like gravity pulling objects down

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20
Q

what happens to molecules in ETC progressively

A

they increase in electronegativity

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21
Q

what are the 2 compartments of mitochondria

A
  1. matrix
  2. inter- membrane
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22
Q

what does the energy released from NADH and FADH2 used for

A

to produce an H+ concentration gradient ( protons ) in inner membranes

23
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

the transfer of elctrons from NADH + FADH2 to ETC to provide energy needed to decrease Ea in order to make ATP = H+ gradient created

24
Q

what are the 4 steps of CR

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. pyruvate oxidation
  3. citric acid cycle
  4. Oxidative phosphorylation ( ETC + Chemiosmosis)
25
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

cytosol

26
Q

is O2 for glycolysis

A

yes and no. glycolysis happens both ways

27
Q

what happens to glycolysis if 02 is present

A

pyruvate and NADH energy will be extracted in mitochondria to produce ATP ( ACR)

28
Q

what happens to glycolysis if 02 is not present

A

pyruvate and NADH will be used for fermentation in the cytoplasm

29
Q

what is glycolysis

A

the first process of the catabolic pathway which breaks glucose down (spitting sugar)

30
Q

what are the 2 catabolic pathways?

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. citric acid cycle
31
Q

how does glycolysis break glucose down

A

it breaks it in 2 identical 3C molecules

32
Q

what is pyruvate

A

end product of glycolysis which consists of 3C carbons

33
Q

what are the 2 phases of glycolysis

A
  1. energy investment
  2. energy payoff
34
Q

what is energy investment

A

used of 2 ATP

35
Q

what is energy payoff

A

A. 4 ATP formed
B. 2 NADH formed
C. 2 pyruvate molecules left

36
Q

What is G3P

A

the initial breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of 3C

37
Q

is energy investment endergonic or exergonic

A

endergonic

38
Q

how many ATP are formed per G3P

A

2 each which makes a total of 4 ATP

39
Q

is energy payoff endergonic or exergonic

A

exergonic

40
Q

what is fermentation

A

incompletion of CR in the absence of final electron acceptor

41
Q

is fermentation aerobic or anaerobic

A

anaerobic

42
Q

where does fermentation happen

A

in the cytosol after glycolysis

43
Q

what happens if there is no O2

A

NADH cant give its electron and H+ to ETC

44
Q

if there is no O2 what happens for glycolysis to continue

A

NADH is reconverted into NAD in order to make ATP in its absence.

45
Q

What is lactic acid fermentation
( lactic acid or lactate )

A

when NADH give e- + H+ to pyruvate to become NAD+

46
Q

what else produces lactic acid

A

certain bacteria and fungi in muscles cells

47
Q

aneorobic conditon

A

high intensity contractions, short duration.

48
Q

what happens when lactic acid accumulates

A

it causes muscle fatigue and pain

49
Q

what happens when glycolysis and fermentation combine

A

they are 2.5 x faster than CR

50
Q

where is lactate transported to

A

in liver to be converted in glucose or pyruvate used for cell energy

51
Q

similarities of CR and fermenetation

A

same glycolysis process ( Pyruvate and ATP)

52
Q

differences between CR and fermentation

A
  1. CR happens in the presence of O2 and Fermentation in the absence of O2
  2. CR completely breaks glucose while fermentation is not
53
Q
A

101-987-DW HUMAN BODY FOR NURSES III (4 decks)

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