cellular respiration and cytosol metabolism

Question 1

what is ACR

Answer 1

a type of CR that requires O2 to create ATP

Question 2

what is Anaroebic CR

Answer 2

a type of CR which doesn’t require O2 ( fermentation )

Question 3

what does ACR use to fuel body

Answer 3

carbs , fat and protein

Question 4

what is CR formula

Answer 4

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + ADP + P1 = 6CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP and heat )

Question 5

is glucose breakdown endergonic or exergonic

Answer 5

exergonic

Question 6

when e + H are removed from glucose with what do they combine

Answer 6

O2 to form water then CO2

Question 7

why can’t we do CR in one step

Answer 7

1. because body temps isn’t high enough to permit rapid combination of H + O2
2. if electrons are released all at once , the body wouldn’t have time to take and use them for body work

Question 8

e + H + O2 binding is in which step

Answer 8

controlled process

Question 9

does NADH pass its e- directly to O2

Answer 9

NO.

Question 10

H2 + O2 + EA form what

Answer 10

an explosion

Question 11

what does the explosive release represent

Answer 11

Energy release as there is a high electronegativity

Question 12

so what happens if NADH releases its electrons directly to O2

Answer 12

the cell won’t be able to capture that explosive energy release ( uncontrolled reaction )

Question 13

before transferring e- to O2 where does NADH release it

Answer 13

to ETC

Question 14

does e- energy transfer increase or decrease with each transfer

Answer 14

decrease

Question 15

who is the final or last electron acceptor

Answer 15

O2

Question 16

who is the most versatile electron acceptor in CR

Answer 16

NAD

Question 17

what does ETC consist of

Answer 17

proteins

Question 18

where are ETC molecules made?

Answer 18

in the inner membrane of mitochondria

Question 19

what is ETC

Answer 19

a chain of electrons pulled by O2-like gravity pulling objects down

Question 20

what happens to molecules in ETC progressively

Answer 20

they increase in electronegativity

Question 21

what are the 2 compartments of mitochondria

Answer 21

1. matrix
2. inter- membrane

Question 22

what does the energy released from NADH and FADH2 used for

Answer 22

to produce an H+ concentration gradient ( protons ) in inner membranes

Question 23

what is oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 23

the transfer of elctrons from NADH + FADH2 to ETC to provide energy needed to decrease Ea in order to make ATP = H+ gradient created

Question 24

what are the 4 steps of CR

Answer 24

1. glycolysis
2. pyruvate oxidation
3. citric acid cycle
4. Oxidative phosphorylation ( ETC + Chemiosmosis)

Question 25

where does glycolysis occur

Answer 25

cytosol

Question 26

is O2 for glycolysis

Answer 26

yes and no. glycolysis happens both ways

Question 27

what happens to glycolysis if 02 is present

Answer 27

pyruvate and NADH energy will be extracted in mitochondria to produce ATP ( ACR)

Question 28

what happens to glycolysis if 02 is not present

Answer 28

pyruvate and NADH will be used for fermentation in the cytoplasm

Question 29

what is glycolysis

Answer 29

the first process of the catabolic pathway which breaks glucose down (spitting sugar)

Question 30

what are the 2 catabolic pathways?

Answer 30

1. glycolysis 2. citric acid cycle

Question 31

how does glycolysis break glucose down

Answer 31

it breaks it in 2 identical 3C molecules

Question 32

what is pyruvate

Answer 32

end product of glycolysis which consists of 3C carbons

Question 33

what are the 2 phases of glycolysis

Answer 33

1. energy investment 2. energy payoff

Question 34

what is energy investment

Answer 34

used of 2 ATP

Question 35

what is energy payoff

Answer 35

A. 4 ATP formed B. 2 NADH formed C. 2 pyruvate molecules left

Question 36

What is G3P

Answer 36

the initial breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of 3C

Question 37

is energy investment endergonic or exergonic

Answer 37

endergonic

Question 38

how many ATP are formed per G3P

Answer 38

2 each which makes a total of 4 ATP

Question 39

is energy payoff endergonic or exergonic

Answer 39

exergonic

Question 40

what is fermentation

Answer 40

incompletion of CR in the absence of final electron acceptor

Question 41

is fermentation aerobic or anaerobic

Answer 41

anaerobic

Question 42

where does fermentation happen

Answer 42

in the cytosol after glycolysis

Question 43

what happens if there is no O2

Answer 43

NADH cant give its electron and H+ to ETC

Question 44

if there is no O2 what happens for glycolysis to continue

Answer 44

NADH is reconverted into NAD in order to make ATP in its absence.

Question 45

What is lactic acid fermentation ( lactic acid or lactate )

Answer 45

when NADH give e- + H+ to pyruvate to become NAD+

Question 46

what else produces lactic acid

Answer 46

certain bacteria and fungi in muscles cells

Question 47

aneorobic conditon

Answer 47

high intensity contractions, short duration.

Question 48

what happens when lactic acid accumulates

Answer 48

it causes muscle fatigue and pain

Question 49

what happens when glycolysis and fermentation combine

Answer 49

they are 2.5 x faster than CR

Question 50

where is lactate transported to

Answer 50

in liver to be converted in glucose or pyruvate used for cell energy

Question 51

similarities of CR and fermenetation

Answer 51

same glycolysis process ( Pyruvate and ATP)

Question 52

differences between CR and fermentation

Answer 52

1. CR happens in the presence of O2 and Fermentation in the absence of O2 2. CR completely breaks glucose while fermentation is not