Metabolism

Question 1

What causes insulin resistance?

Answer 1

Insulin resistance is when the cells don’t respond to insulin as well, causing the pancreas to make more insulin to maintain healthy blood glucose levels

Question 2

Where is insulin released from

Answer 2

pancreatic beta cells

Question 3

What does insulin do?

Answer 3

binds to insulin receptors and induces glucose uptake into the cells

Question 4

What does increased glucose in the blood do to insulin production?

Answer 4

increase in glucose stimulated production of insulin

Question 5

Estrogen increases or decreases subcutaneous adipose tissue beige-ing?

Answer 5

increase

Question 6

What is the effect of ERa signaling on thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue

Answer 6

it enhances it

Question 7

Does estrogen reduce or increase inflammation in adipocytes?

Answer 7

reduce inflammation

Question 8

what are the effects of estrogen on food intake?

Answer 8

decreases food intake via the hypothalamus

Question 9

How does estrogen affect energy expenditure?

Answer 9

increases energy expenditure

Question 10

How does estrogen affect leptin sensitivity?

Answer 10

increases leptin sensitivity

Question 11

How does estrogen affect insulin synthesis and secretion (pancreas)?

Answer 11

increases it

Question 12

What is the effect of estrogen on mitochondrial activity?

Answer 12

increases mitochondrial activity

Question 13

What is the effect of estrogen on insulin sensitivity?

Answer 13

increases sensitivity

Question 14

What is the effect of diabetes on cerebral blood flow?

Answer 14

Elderly people with T2 diabetes have reduced cerebral blood flo

Question 15

What is the connection between obesity and diabetes?

Answer 15

visceral adiposity accelerates atherosclerosis

Question 16

Why is chronic hyperglycemia damaging?

Answer 16

a. Proteins or lipids interact with sugars for extended periods of time to form AGEs
b. It produces advanced glycation end products
c. AGEs are associated with cognitive dysfunction and have been shown to accumulate in the brains of diabetic rats
d. AGEs can contribute to atherosclerosis
e. RAGE receptors become upregulated
f. Can form cross links with molecules in the basement membrane and alter cellular structure and increase vascular stiffness
g. Can induce monocyte migration across an endo monolayer
h. Activation of RAGE can increase leakiness of a monolayer (is this also true in the BBB?)
i. Reduce the bioavailability of NO
i. Potential mechanisms: reduce the half-life of eNOS, deactivation of eNOS, quenching of NO
j. In endothelial cells, AGEs bind to RAGE and this results in the production of ROS

Question 17

What does ERalpha do in pancreatic beta cells?

Answer 17

ERα in pancreatic beta cells has been proposed to regulate insulin production in vivo, such that it has an anti-diabetic effect (Le May et al., 2006; Wong et al., 2010).

Consistent with these findings, αERKO mice show impaired glucose tolerance and increased insulin resistance (Ribas et al., 2010).

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4024050/pdf/nihms-580925.pdf