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Biochemistry - 1 > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Small molecules with a mass of 50 - 1500 Da

A

Metabolite

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2
Q

Metabolome

A

Snapshot of a set of reactions that occur in a single time within a single cell

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3
Q

Study of metabolites or small molecules to develope drugs, screen diseases, or personalize medicine

A

Metabolomics

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4
Q

Which of the following can affect metabolism?

A. Nature of diet
B. Physical activity
C. Time of last meal intake
D. Stage of development

A

AOTA

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5
Q

2 states of the body and differentiate.

A

Fed state - glucose is the metabolic fuel

Fasting state - glycogen, FA, ketone bodies, AA serve as metabolic fuel.

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6
Q

Major hormones that control fuel use

A

Insulin and glucagon

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7
Q

NADPH assumes importance and produces pentoses

A

Hexose monophosohate shunt (HMP)

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8
Q

Intersection between catabolism and ananlism. Crossroads.

A

Amphibolic

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9
Q

Products of complete oxidation

A

CO2

H2O

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10
Q

T/F:

Energy is re,eased by transfer of electrons to O2

A

True

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11
Q

T/F:

Energy from transfer of electronic to O2 produces heat and ATP

A

T

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12
Q

Currency of cellular energy

A

ATP

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13
Q

Which is the main fuel RESERVE of the body?

A. Proteins
B. Glycogen
C. Ketone bodies
D. Triacylglycerol

A

D

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14
Q

Main fuel SOURCE of the body

A

Glucose

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15
Q

Enumerate the 4 catabolic pathways

A

Glycolysis
Beta-oxidation
ETC
AA catabolism

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16
Q

Glucose > pyruvate > acetyl CoA

A

Aerobic

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17
Q

Glucose > lactate

A

Anaerobic

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18
Q

FA > acetyl CoA

A

Beta oxidation

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19
Q

Redistribution of reduced nitrogen

A

AA catabolism

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20
Q

Enumerate the 7 anabolic pathways

A 
Glycogenesis
Gluconeogenesis
Palmitate biosynthesis
Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis
Protein biosynthesis
NA biosynthesis
Non - essential AA
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21
Q

Intermediary metabolism

A

Process involving molecules with low molecular weight such as degradation and biosynthesis metabolites.

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22
Q

Other term of Warburg effect of cancer cells

A

Tumor metabolome

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23
Q

What are the effects of cancer cells stated under Warburg effect?

A

Cancer behave diff
Proliferate diff (faster than normal)
Produce more glucose and lactic acid than normal
Overexpression of enzymes

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24
Q

Which of these is NOT a storage site for glycogen?

A. Adipose tissue
B. Kidney
C. Liver
D. Muscle

A

A

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25
Q

Main storage sites of glycogen

A

Liver and muscle

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26
Q

Other term of Acetyl CoA

A

FCP = Final common pathway

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27
Q

Pathway that is shunted in case of need for build up of AA

A

Pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)

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28
Q

The end product of glycolysis in tissue using anaerobic metabolism is?

A. CO2
B. H20
C. lactate
D. Pyruvate

A

C

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29
Q

System of the body that integrates or connect metabolic pathways

A

Blood circulation or circulatory systems

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30
Q

How does the liver maintain blood glucose concentration in between meals?

A

Glycogenolysis

Gluconeogenesis

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31
Q

Synthesis of plasma protein albumin occurs in?

A

Liver

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32
Q

Low levels of albumin in the blood produce what symptom?

A

Edema

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33
Q

T/F

Low levels of albumin or rapid secretio of albumin may indicate liver problems

A

True

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34
Q

Role of glycogen in skeletal muscle

A

Acts as fuel for muscle contraction

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35
Q

Can chilomicrons be taken up by the liver efficiently?

A

No. Chilomicrons are NOT DIRECTLY taken up by the liver. It needs to be first metabolised by tissues that have lipase.

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36
Q

FFA can be taken up by most tissues but NOT ______ & ______.

A

Brain & erythrocytes

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37
Q

In the ____, newly synthesized TAGS is secreted into the circulation in _____.

A

Liver, VLDL

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38
Q

Enumerate the 3 Metabolic pathways that occur in the cytosol.

A

Glycolysis
HMP shunt
FA synthesis

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39
Q

Enumerate the 5 Metabolic pathways that occur in the mitochondria.

A 
Beta oxidation
Ketogenesis
Respiration chain
ATP syntheses
CAC
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40
Q

Function of regulatory enzymes

A

Regulates the flux or amount of metabolites

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41
Q

T/F

Enzymes catalyzing non- equilibrium reactions are present in low concentration & is regulated

A

T

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42
Q

T/F:

Most reactions in metabolic pathways lie between equilibrium and non equilibirium

A

T

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43
Q

Enumerate the 5 mechanism of control

A

Alterations of membrane permeability
Induction of mRNA formation (promotion)
Suppression of mRNA formation
Alteration of TRANSLATION of mRNA in ribosomes
Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation rxn (inactive to active)

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44
Q

_______ inhibits lipogenesis in adipose tissue and liver

A

High intake of lipids

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45
Q

Can pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction to form acetyl CoA be reversed?

A

No. It is IRREVERSIBLE.

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46
Q

Primary substrate of gluconeogensis

A

Oxaloacetate

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47
Q

In gluconeogenesis, glucose is formed by non carbohydrates such as glycerol (lipids), AA, and lactate. An exception in AA are?

A

Leucine and lysine

48
Q

Enumerate ketogenic AA: (PITT)

A

Phenylalanine
Isoleucine
Tryptophan
Tyrosine

49
Q

Preffered metabolic fuel of the heart

A

Ketone bodies

50
Q

In tissues such as the heart, metabolic fuels are oxidised in what preferred order.

A

Ketone bodies > fatty acids > glucose

51
Q

What is the Heart’s least preferred metabolic fuel to be oxidised?

A

Glucose

52
Q

Enzyme that powers skeletal muscles to work

A

Creatinine phosphate

53
Q

Recurring Process in metabolism

A

Convertion of substrate > product

54
Q

Requirements for converting substrate to product

A

Adequate amount of substrate and enzyme

Presence of cofactor

55
Q

Enzyme and cofactor used to convert ADP > ATP

A

Creatine kinase

Mg+3

56
Q

2 major mechanisms of metabolism. Give examples.

A

Anabolism - gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis

Catabolism - glycolysis

57
Q

Define:

Enzyme
Substrate
Active site
Allosteric site
Allosteric molecules
A
  • molecule that catalyses chemical rxn
  • component used to form the product
  • attachment of enzyme to substrate (where S attaches)
  • where allosteric molecule attaches in the enzyme
  • molecules that change the active site and affects enzyme activity
58
Q

Define:

Positive molecules

Negative molecules

A
  • increase rxn rate

- decrease rxn rate

59
Q

How is metabolism regulated: 3 ways

A
  1. Changing the activity of the enzyme via
    - availability of the substrate
    - reversible covalent enzyme modification (phosphorylation/dephosphorylation)
    - allosteric enzyme modification
  2. Changing the amount of enzyme via
    - hormonal induction or repression of enzyme synthesis
  3. Substrate availability
    - S > Km = high enzyme saturation = increased rxn rate
    - S < Km = low enzyme saturation = decreased rxn rate
60
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of glycolsis

A

PFK-1 = Phosphofructokinase 1

61
Q

Enzymes that increases rxn rate in glycolysis

A

Fructose2,5 bisPO4, AMP, and ADP

62
Q

Enzymes that inhibit PFK1

A

ATP and citrate

63
Q

Enzyme that converts glucose to glycogen when there is high glucose in blood.

A

Glucokinase

64
Q

Most active lipid

A

FA

65
Q

Active when dephosphorylated

A

Anabolic enzymes

66
Q

Active when phosphorylated

A

Catabolic enzymes

67
Q

Reciprocal regulation

A

2 pathways create a cycle that regulates one another through allosteric inhibitors

68
Q

Futile cycle

A

When 2 pathways cannot occur at the same time due to negative benefit. Ex: glycolysis (2 atp) and pyruvate to glucose (4 atp). Magkakaroon ng negative atp

69
Q

Where is insulin found?

A

Pancreatic beta cell

70
Q

Where is glucagon found?

A

Pancreatic A-cell

71
Q

Is insulin anabolic or catabolic?

A

Anabolic

72
Q

Is glucagon anabolic or catabolic?

A

Catabolic

73
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex active when DEphosphorylated. T/F

A

T

74
Q

The brain cannot use fatty acid?

A

No

75
Q

What is the preferred metabolic fuel of neurons in the fed state? Check

A

Glucose

76
Q

What is the preferred metabolic fuel of neurons is the fasting state? Check

A

Acetoacetate

77
Q

What is the preferred metabolic fuel of erythrocytes in the fasting state?

A

Glucose - most preferred by rbc in ANY STATE.

78
Q

Most amino acids are classified as __________.

A. Glucogenic
B. Ketogenic

A

A

79
Q

Why is leucine and lysine cannot be used for gluconeogenesis?

A

They are ketogenic. Can only yield acetyl coa on oxidation

80
Q

How many AA are purely glucogenic

A

14

81
Q

CNS and ______ always require glucose

A

Erythrocytes

82
Q

Glucose provides the carbon skeletons for the glycerol of TAGs and non-essential amino acids. T/f

A

T

83
Q

Markedly increase in prolonged fasting.

A. Insulin
B. Ketone bodies
C. NEFAs

A

B & C

84
Q

Greek word metabole means

A

Change

85
Q

2 - 4hrs after meal:

A. Fasting state
B. Fed state
C. Early fasting state
D, starvation

A

B

86
Q

More than 72 hours:

A. Fasting state
B. Fed state
C. Early fasting state
D, starvation

A

D

87
Q

> 4 - 18hrs after meal:

A. Fasting state
B. Fed state
C. Early fasting state
D, starvation

A

C

88
Q

> 18 hrs - 72 hrs:

A. Fasting state
B. Fed state
C. Early fasting state
D, starvation

A

A

89
Q

The average physical activity increases metabolic rate up to ________ over the basal metabolism.

A

40-50%

90
Q

Beta carbon of fatty acid undergoes oxidation

A

Beta oxidation

91
Q

Electrons are transferred to oxygen to produce energy

A

Etc

92
Q

Redistribution of reduced nitrogen; elimination of excess urea.

A

AA catabolism

93
Q

Synthesis of glycogen from glucose

A

Glycogenesis

94
Q

Breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl CoA ; beta oxidation

Synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl CoA ;____________

A

Palmitate biosynthesis

95
Q

Major example of amphibolic Pathway

A

Citric acid cycle

96
Q

Cancer cells can undergo glycolysis and produce ATP but it cannot produce enough energy for living cells. T/F

A

T

97
Q

Important events of intermediary metabolism

20th century
21st centurry

A
  • discovery that TCA and krebs cycle undergoes in mitochondria
  • linkage to epigenetics
98
Q

Most depleted in an overnight fast

A

Liver Glycogen

99
Q

Source of reducing equivalents of NADPH for fatty acid syntheis

A

PPP/HMP shunt

100
Q

What tissues is PPP most active?

A

Actively dividing tissues. Ex: reproductive organs (M&F) and mammary gland during lactation

101
Q

Precursor of fatty acids, cholesterol, and other steroids.

A

Acetyl coa or final common pathway

102
Q

Esterification of fatty acids with glycerol forms?

A

TAGs

103
Q

Proteins supplied by the diet

A

Essential

104
Q

Proteins supplied by the body

A

Non essential

105
Q

Glucose and amino acids produced by the digestion of carbohydrates and proteins are absorbed by the intestinal epithelial cells and released into _________.

A

Hepatic portal vein

106
Q

Excess glucose in the liver is used to synthesize __________ & _________.

A

FA & glycogen

107
Q

Main lipid from diet is absorved in the _______.

A

Gut

108
Q

Pathway that occurs in both cytosol and mitochondria.

A

Gluconeogenesis - pwede FA and ketone

FA - cytosol
Ketone- mitoc

109
Q

Pathway that occurs in endoplasmic reticulum

A

TAG synthesis

110
Q

Pathway that occurs in ribosomes

A

Protein sythesis

111
Q

First rxn in a pathway is saturated with the substrate. T/F

A

T

112
Q

Mechanisms of control: APAIR

A
113
Q

What is the preff3r3d metabolic fuel of neurons in the FED state?

A. Acetoacetate
B. Glucose
C. Glutamate
D. Fatty acids

A

B

114
Q

What is the preff3r3d metabolic fuel of neurons in the STARVATION state?

A. Acetoacetate
B. Glucose
C. Glutamate
D. Fatty acids

A

A

115
Q

Kinase ; activation

________ ; deactivation

A

Phosphatases

Biochemistry - 1 (6 decks)

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