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Biochemistry - 1 > Glossary Of Terms > Flashcards

Glossary Of Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Addition of phosphate to glucose to form glucose - 6 phosphate via enzyme hexokinase.

A

Phosphorylation

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2
Q

Removal of phosphate group

A

Dephosphorylation

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3
Q

Chemical bonds are attacked/lysed by inorganic phosohates

A

Phospholysis

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4
Q

Transfer of carboxyl group from bicarbonate to acetyl CoA

A

Carboxylation

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5
Q

Removal of carboxyl group

A

Decarboxylation

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6
Q

Hydroxylation

A

Transfer of hydroxyl group from one molecule to another

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7
Q

Transfer of amino group to ketoacid to form new AA

A

Transamination

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8
Q

Involves the loss of electronic by converting NAD+ into NADH

A

Oxidation-reduction

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9
Q

Components of Carbohydrates

A

CHO

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10
Q

Components of lipids

A

CHOPS

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11
Q

Components of proteins

A

CHONS

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12
Q

Components of Nucleic acids

A

CHONP

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13
Q

What are the monomer of CARB, LIPIDS, NA, PROTEINS?

A

Monosaccharides
Fatty acids & glycerol
Nucleotides
Amino acids

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14
Q

What are the polymer of CARBS, LIPIDS, NA, PROTEINS?

A

Polysaccharides
LIPIDS
Nucleic acids
Peptides

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15
Q

Bonds of CARBS, LIPIDS, PROTEINS, NA

A

Glycosidic bond
Ester bond
Peptide bond
Phospdiester bond

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16
Q

Stores energy and serves as thermal insulator

A

Lipids

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17
Q

Main source of energy

A

Carbohydrates

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18
Q

Catalyse reactions, formation of proteins, defends body from diseases

A

Proteins

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19
Q

Store and transmit genetic info

A

NA

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20
Q

Term used to describe all chemical processes of the body

A

Metabolism

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21
Q

2 categories of metabolism. Differentiate.

A

Catabolism (CUT) - breaks down molecules

Anabolism - synthesize or build molecule

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22
Q

Examples of Monosaccharies

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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23
Q

Example of disaccharides

A

Lactose
Maltose
Sucrose

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24
Q

Examples of polysaccharide

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

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25
Q

How many glucose does oligosaccharides have?

A

8-10

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26
Q

2 subtypes of mononsaccharides and differentiate.

A

Aldehyde - C = O is located sa alDULO

Ketone- C = O is located sa KETNA gitna

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27
Q

Examples of aldehydes

A

D - glucose
D - mannose
D - galactose

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28
Q

Example of ketones

A

D - fructose

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29
Q

Molecules that are different from each other but have the same number of molecules

A

Isomers

30
Q

Mirror image isomer

A

Enantiomer

31
Q

Isomer of different fraction or subtype

A

Constitutional/ structural isomer

32
Q

Non mirror Image isomer with 2 diff molecules

A

Diasteriomer

33
Q

Non mirror image isomer with only 1 diff molecule

A

Epimer

34
Q

Isomer with diff chiral carbon

A

Anomer

35
Q

Bond that binds 2 monosaccharides

A

Glycosidic bond

36
Q

Glucose + glucose is?

A

Maltose

37
Q

Glucose + galactose is?

A

Lactose

38
Q

Glucose units of glycogen is linked by?

A

Alpha-1 glycosidic bond & alpha-1-6 glycosidic bond

39
Q

Glucose is converted to pyruvate. Aerobic respiration.

A

Glycolysis

40
Q

Converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA

A

Krebs cycle

41
Q

ATP is formed by passing down of e- to oxygen in the proton gradient.

A

ETC

42
Q

Formation of glycogen from glucose (carbs in food)

A

Glycogenesis

43
Q

Formation of glucose from non carbohydrates such as AA, LIPIDS, ketone, proteins

A

Gluconeogenesis

44
Q

Breakdown of glycogen to form glucose 6 phosphate

A

Glycogenolysis

45
Q

Has 3 FA with 1 glycerol backbone

A

TAGS

46
Q

Structure of Phospholipid

A

Hydrophilic head with attached phosphate group
2 hydrophobic tails
Joined by glycerol backbone

47
Q

Structure of cholesterol

A

27 carbons
46 hydrogen
1 oxygen

48
Q

What is cholesteryl?

A

Hydroxyl group is replaced by FA

49
Q

Where is the hydroxyl group of cholesterol attached?

A

Carbon 3

50
Q

Complex molecule with protein, phospholipid, and cholesterol outer membrane. With a core made of cholesteryl esters and diff lipids

A

Lipoproteins

51
Q

Metabolic pathway that synthesises lipids

A

Lipogenesis

52
Q

Breakdown of lipids to FA

A

Lipolysis

53
Q

What is beta- oxidation?

A

Breakdown of FA to produce energy during fasting

54
Q

Ketogenesis

A

Production of ketone bodies that provides energy during fasting/ starvation

55
Q

Structure of AA

A

NH2
COOH
R- Chain

56
Q

Simplest AA that only contains hydrogen

A

Glycine

57
Q

AA containing sulfur

A

Cysteine

Methionine

58
Q

AA with hydrocil group

A

Serine
Threonine
Tyrosine

59
Q

Basic or + charged AA

A

Lysine
Arginine
Histidine

60
Q

Acidic or - charged AA

A

Aspartic acid

Glutamic acid

61
Q

Amide containing AA

A

Asparagine

Glutamine

62
Q

Zwitterion

A

Molecule with equal no of positive and negative charge. Total net charge of 0.

63
Q

Denaturation

A

Breakdown of bonds and structure of NA through heat, chemical treatment, or change in pH

64
Q

Catalyses chemical reactions

A

Enzymes

65
Q

Molecules that assists enzymes

A

Coenzyme & cofactor

66
Q

Metabolic pathways concerning proteins

A

Biosynthesis - AA is produced from intermediates or carbohydrate metabolic pathways

Urea cycle - degradation of nitrogen and hydrogen to convert ammonia (toxic) to urea.

Carbon skeletons of AA - converted into intermediates of carbs or undergo ketogenesis

67
Q

2 types of Nucleic Acids and differentiate

A

Pyramidine - cytosine, uracil, thymine.

Purine - adenine, guanine

68
Q

NA with 2 benzene ring

A

Purine

69
Q

NA with 1 benzene ring

A

Pyrimidine

70
Q

Differentiate nucleoside from nucleotide

A

Nucleoside (side by side) - composed of nitrogenous base ( pyrimidine or purine) & sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)

Nucleoside (3) - composed of nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group.

71
Q

Metabolic pathways concerning NA

A

De Novo Pathway - synthesis of pyrimidine and purine from SCRATCH.

Salvage Pathway - LEFTOVER or free bases of nucleosides generate nucleotides

Degradation Pathway - breakdown of purine rich foods can increase uric acid.

Biochemistry - 1 (6 decks)

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