Glossary Of Terms

Question 1

Addition of phosphate to glucose to form glucose - 6 phosphate via enzyme hexokinase.

Answer 1

Phosphorylation

Question 2

Removal of phosphate group

Answer 2

Dephosphorylation

Question 3

Chemical bonds are attacked/lysed by inorganic phosohates

Answer 3

Phospholysis

Question 4

Transfer of carboxyl group from bicarbonate to acetyl CoA

Answer 4

Carboxylation

Question 5

Removal of carboxyl group

Answer 5

Decarboxylation

Question 6

Hydroxylation

Answer 6

Transfer of hydroxyl group from one molecule to another

Question 7

Transfer of amino group to ketoacid to form new AA

Answer 7

Transamination

Question 8

Involves the loss of electronic by converting NAD+ into NADH

Answer 8

Oxidation-reduction

Question 9

Components of Carbohydrates

Answer 9

CHO

Question 10

Components of lipids

Answer 10

CHOPS

Question 11

Components of proteins

Answer 11

CHONS

Question 12

Components of Nucleic acids

Answer 12

CHONP

Question 13

What are the monomer of CARB, LIPIDS, NA, PROTEINS?

Answer 13

Monosaccharides
Fatty acids & glycerol
Nucleotides
Amino acids

Question 14

What are the polymer of CARBS, LIPIDS, NA, PROTEINS?

Answer 14

Polysaccharides
LIPIDS
Nucleic acids
Peptides

Question 15

Bonds of CARBS, LIPIDS, PROTEINS, NA

Answer 15

Glycosidic bond
Ester bond
Peptide bond
Phospdiester bond

Question 16

Stores energy and serves as thermal insulator

Answer 16

Lipids

Question 17

Main source of energy

Answer 17

Carbohydrates

Question 18

Catalyse reactions, formation of proteins, defends body from diseases

Answer 18

Proteins

Question 19

Store and transmit genetic info

Answer 19

NA

Question 20

Term used to describe all chemical processes of the body

Answer 20

Metabolism

Question 21

2 categories of metabolism. Differentiate.

Answer 21

Catabolism (CUT) - breaks down molecules

Anabolism - synthesize or build molecule

Question 22

Examples of Monosaccharies

Answer 22

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

Question 23

Example of disaccharides

Answer 23

Lactose
Maltose
Sucrose

Question 24

Examples of polysaccharide

Answer 24

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

Question 25

How many glucose does oligosaccharides have?

Answer 25

8-10

Question 26

2 subtypes of mononsaccharides and differentiate.

Answer 26

Aldehyde - C = O is located sa alDULO Ketone- C = O is located sa KETNA gitna

Question 27

Examples of aldehydes

Answer 27

D - glucose D - mannose D - galactose

Question 28

Example of ketones

Answer 28

D - fructose

Question 29

Molecules that are different from each other but have the same number of molecules

Answer 29

Isomers

Question 30

Mirror image isomer

Answer 30

Enantiomer

Question 31

Isomer of different fraction or subtype

Answer 31

Constitutional/ structural isomer

Question 32

Non mirror Image isomer with 2 diff molecules

Answer 32

Diasteriomer

Question 33

Non mirror image isomer with only 1 diff molecule

Answer 33

Epimer

Question 34

Isomer with diff chiral carbon

Answer 34

Anomer

Question 35

Bond that binds 2 monosaccharides

Answer 35

Glycosidic bond

Question 36

Glucose + glucose is?

Answer 36

Maltose

Question 37

Glucose + galactose is?

Answer 37

Lactose

Question 38

Glucose units of glycogen is linked by?

Answer 38

Alpha-1 glycosidic bond & alpha-1-6 glycosidic bond

Question 39

Glucose is converted to pyruvate. Aerobic respiration.

Answer 39

Glycolysis

Question 40

Converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA

Answer 40

Krebs cycle

Question 41

ATP is formed by passing down of e- to oxygen in the proton gradient.

Answer 41

ETC

Question 42

Formation of glycogen from glucose (carbs in food)

Answer 42

Glycogenesis

Question 43

Formation of glucose from non carbohydrates such as AA, LIPIDS, ketone, proteins

Answer 43

Gluconeogenesis

Question 44

Breakdown of glycogen to form glucose 6 phosphate

Answer 44

Glycogenolysis

Question 45

Has 3 FA with 1 glycerol backbone

Answer 45

TAGS

Question 46

Structure of Phospholipid

Answer 46

Hydrophilic head with attached phosphate group 2 hydrophobic tails Joined by glycerol backbone

Question 47

Structure of cholesterol

Answer 47

27 carbons 46 hydrogen 1 oxygen

Question 48

What is cholesteryl?

Answer 48

Hydroxyl group is replaced by FA

Question 49

Where is the hydroxyl group of cholesterol attached?

Answer 49

Carbon 3

Question 50

Complex molecule with protein, phospholipid, and cholesterol outer membrane. With a core made of cholesteryl esters and diff lipids

Answer 50

Lipoproteins

Question 51

Metabolic pathway that synthesises lipids

Answer 51

Lipogenesis

Question 52

Breakdown of lipids to FA

Answer 52

Lipolysis

Question 53

What is beta- oxidation?

Answer 53

Breakdown of FA to produce energy during fasting

Question 54

Ketogenesis

Answer 54

Production of ketone bodies that provides energy during fasting/ starvation

Question 55

Structure of AA

Answer 55

NH2 COOH R- Chain

Question 56

Simplest AA that only contains hydrogen

Answer 56

Glycine

Question 57

AA containing sulfur

Answer 57

Cysteine | Methionine

Question 58

AA with hydrocil group

Answer 58

Serine Threonine Tyrosine

Question 59

Basic or + charged AA

Answer 59

Lysine Arginine Histidine

Question 60

Acidic or - charged AA

Answer 60

Aspartic acid | Glutamic acid

Question 61

Amide containing AA

Answer 61

Asparagine | Glutamine

Question 62

Zwitterion

Answer 62

Molecule with equal no of positive and negative charge. Total net charge of 0.

Question 63

Denaturation

Answer 63

Breakdown of bonds and structure of NA through heat, chemical treatment, or change in pH

Question 64

Catalyses chemical reactions

Answer 64

Enzymes

Question 65

Molecules that assists enzymes

Answer 65

Coenzyme & cofactor

Question 66

Metabolic pathways concerning proteins

Answer 66

Biosynthesis - AA is produced from intermediates or carbohydrate metabolic pathways Urea cycle - degradation of nitrogen and hydrogen to convert ammonia (toxic) to urea. Carbon skeletons of AA - converted into intermediates of carbs or undergo ketogenesis

Question 67

2 types of Nucleic Acids and differentiate

Answer 67

Pyramidine - cytosine, uracil, thymine. Purine - adenine, guanine

Question 68

NA with 2 benzene ring

Answer 68

Purine

Question 69

NA with 1 benzene ring

Answer 69

Pyrimidine

Question 70

Differentiate nucleoside from nucleotide

Answer 70

Nucleoside (side by side) - composed of nitrogenous base ( pyrimidine or purine) & sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) Nucleoside (3) - composed of nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group.

Question 71

Metabolic pathways concerning NA

Answer 71

De Novo Pathway - synthesis of pyrimidine and purine from SCRATCH. Salvage Pathway - LEFTOVER or free bases of nucleosides generate nucleotides Degradation Pathway - breakdown of purine rich foods can increase uric acid.