Metabolic reactions

Question 1

Define anabolism and catabolism

Answer 1

Anabolism
- synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms such as bone growth
Catabolism
- when we digest food and molecules get broken down for energy

Question 2

describe

GLYCOGENESIS

Answer 2

essentially glucose storage, when there is too many glucose molecules they are joined together to form glycogen.

then stored in skeletal muscle fibres and some liver cells

Question 3

describe

GLYCOGENOLYSIS

Answer 3

when BGL is low glycogen stored in the liver is then broken up to release glucose into blood stream

Glycogen stored in skeletal muscles is broken down to glucose therefore making ATP for that muscle

Question 4

describe

GLUCONEOGENESIS

Answer 4

when glycogen stores are used up the liver then makes glucose from lipids and proteins

(making new - neo)

Question 5

describe

LIPOLYSIS

Answer 5

breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids

Question 6

describe

LIPOGENISIS

Answer 6

More calories are consumed than needed which leads to the synthesis of lipids stimulated by insulin

Question 7

Where is glycogen stored

Answer 7

skeletal muscles and in some liver cells

Question 8

2 products resulting from lipolysis and what are they used for

Answer 8

1. Glycerol
   - converted into pyruvate which then enters the Krebs cycle to produce ATP
   - can be converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis
2. Fatty acids
   - converted into CoA which can enter the Krebs cycle to produce ATP
   - if there is to much CoA then is is converted into ketone bodies

Question 9

What are ketone bodies produced from

Answer 9

acetyl- CoA

Question 10

What causes an increase in ketones

Answer 10

severe starvation

uncontrolled diabetes

Question 11

what are the clinical signs and symptoms of excess ketones

Answer 11

sweet smell of acetone on the breath alongside in the urine

Question 12

Explain the clinical significance of excess ketones – state what homeostatic imbalance will occur

Answer 12

ketone bodies are acidic which leads to a decreased blood pH when this occurs the body will go into metabolic acidosis or keto acidosis

Question 13

3 uses for amino acids

Answer 13

1. break down food
2. grow
3. repair body tissue

Question 14

2 tests that can be done to detect urea levels

Answer 14

urinalysis

blood tests

Question 15

what do elevated levels of urea indicate

Answer 15

decreased renal function

Question 16

define the basal metabolic rate

Answer 16

metabolic rat measured under resting/ fasting conditions

Question 17

four factors that increase BMR

Answer 17

1. exercise
2. hormones
3. increased body temp
4. food ingestion

Question 18

5 hormones that increase BMR

Answer 18

thyroxine, insulin growth hormone, testosterone