Endocrine System Flashcards
What are the differences in receptor locations in water and lipid soluble hormones
Water soluble = receptors at the plasma membrane of cell
Lipid soluble = receptors within the cytoplasm of the cell
Why can’t we administer a water-soluble hormone through the oral route
(give an example of a water-soluble hormone)
water soluble hormones are destroyed by digestion so must be administered via an injection. Such as insulin
What is the difference between the endocrine and exocrine glands?
Exocrine secrete their products into ducts which then carry the secretion to target site
Endocrine secrete their products into interstitial fluid which then diffuses into blood
Give an example of an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland
Endo= Pineal gland, Pancreas, Ovaries
Exo= lacrimal, salivary , mammary
What organ has both endocrine and exocrine functions
Pancreas
How are hormones inactivated and excreted from the body
Inactivated by liver
Excreted by Kidneys
3 stimuli that trigger hormone secretion
- signals from nervous system
- levels of chemical in the blood
- another hormone
Describe the structure and location of the pituitary gland
small gland that lies in a hollow of the sphenoid bone
2 hormones are released from the posterior pituitary and state where they are produced
oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone. Produced in the hypothalamus
6 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary
growth hormone thyroid stimulating adrenocortitropic hormone follicle stimulating hormone Luteinising hormone prolactin
(Grandma Thinks Apples Fall Like Pears)
Name the stimulus for secretion, target cells and the effect of OXYTOCIN
- baby breast feeds sending signals to hypothalamus
- neurosecretory cell sin hypothalamus send action potentials down axons to posterior pituitary
- oxytocin is then released from posterior pituitary then diffuses into blood vessels
Name the stimulus for secretion, target cells and the effect of ANTI-DIURETIC
- osmoreceptors sin hypothalamus detect an increase of solutes in the blood
- neurosecretory cells then generate nerve impulses causing the release of ADH from vesicles in axon terminals
- ADH levels then rise in blood causing INCREASE in blood volume and a DECREASE in urine output
Name the stimulus for secretion, target cells and the effect of GROWTH HORMONE
- releasing hormone in anterior pituatry stimulates secretion of GH
- main target is all body cells to enlarge and divide but its main target is bone and skeletal
Name the stimulus for secretion, target cells and the effect of THYROXINE STIMULATINF
- decreased metabolic rate or prolonged cold
- hypothalamus releases TRH which then goes to AP to release Thyrocine Stimulating Hormone, therefore, releasing thyroxine (T3 and T4).
- increasing metabolic rate through the breakdown of glucose and fats which makes heat.
Name the stimulus for secretion, target cells and the effect of ADRENOCORTITROPIC
- stress such as pain
- hypothalamus releases CRH which then tells AP to release ACTH. adrenal cortex then releases cortisol.
- Cortisol assists with increasing BGL through gluconeogenesis and lipolysis, stabilising SNS alongside being an anti-flam
Name the stimulus for secretion, target cells and the effect of Follicle Stimulating Hormone in FEMALES
- initiates development of oocytes in ovarian follicles
2. stimulates production of oestrogen
Name the stimulus for secretion, target cells and the effect of Follicles stimulating hormone in MALES
- stimulates testes to produce sperm
Name the stimulus for secretion, target cells and the effect of Luteinising Hormone in FEMALES
- stimulates production of oestrogen and progesterone in ovaries
Name the stimulus for secretion, target cells and the effect of Luteinising hormones in MALES
- stimulates testes to produce testosterone
Name the stimulus for secretion, target cells and the effect of PROLACTIN
- initiates and maintains milk production
2. levels rise dramatically towards the end of pregnancy
3 clinical situations that arise from alterations to the secretion of Growth hormone
- Hypo- secretion during growth years results in dwarfism
- Hyper-secretion in childhood results in gigantism
- Hyper-secretion in adulthood results in acromegaly
2 clinical conditions associated with the secretion of thyroxine
- Hypothyroidism
- decreased secretion of thyroxine leading to slow heart rate low body temp and increased weight gain - Hyperthyroidism
- overactivity of thyroid glands leading to increased thyroxine secretion, increased heart rate, increase metabolic rate and weight loss
What mineral is needed by the body to produce thyroxine
Iodine
State the location of the adrenal glands
located on top of the kidneys
name two areas within each adrenal gland and what hormone is produced in each area
- CORTEX produce cortisol and aldosterone
2. MEDULLA produces adrenaline and noradrenaline
What’s the stimulus for secretion of Cortisol
Stress
What’s the stimulus for the secretion of aldosterone
depletion of blood volume
What’s the stimulus for the secretion of adrenalin
stressful situations or exercise
What’s the stimulus for the secretion of noradrenaline
stress stimulations
3 effects/actions of cortisol
- raise blood glucose levels
- raise levels of fatty acids and amino acids
- anti- inflammatory
State a clinical situation where glucocorticoids (cortisol) may be prescribed
suppress inflammatory response in chronic conditions and also can be used for organ receivers to avoid rejection
2 situations that would cause the release of adrenaline
- stresfull situations
2. fight or flight response (SNS)
6 effects/ actions of adrenaline
- Increased heart contractility
- increased cardiac output
- increase blood pressure
- increase blood flow
- dilate airways
- dilate pupils
( 4 increase, 2 dilatation)
What is the main effect/action of noradrenaline
works on alpha 1 receptors which increases vasoconstriction therefore causing increased blood pressure
What are the two hormones that control blood calcium levels
Parathyroid hormone and Calcitonin
3 uses for calcium in the body
- Transmission of nerve impulses
- muscle contraction
- Blood clotting
3 actions of PTH
- stimulates osteoclasts to reabsorb bone and blood calcium
- enhances reabsorption of calcium by kidneys
- activates vitamin D which turns into calcitriol
2 actions of calcitonin
- decrease blood calcium levels through inhibiting osteoclasts
- increasing amounts of ca2+ in bones and decreasing amounts in blood
What is calcitriol also known as?
active vitamin D
2 effects of calcitriol
- increase absorbtion from GI tract
2. enhance effects of PTH
Name 2 hormones that specifically regulate BGL’s
- Insulin
2. Glucagon
Name the specific cells that secrete hormones that regulate BGLS’s
pancreatic islets
Describe the actions or functions of insulin and glucagon
- Insulin
- lowers BGLS (after eating) - Glucagon
- increases BGLS (fasting)
State the stimulus for secretion of insulin and glucagon
- Insulin
- BGLS are high - Glucagon
- BGLS are low
other hormones that raise BGL
Somatostatin
Amylin
What hormone is produced from the pineal gland
Melatonin
Where is the pineal gland
attached to the roof of the 3rd ventricle
The main function of melatonin
Contributes to the natural body clock, peak levels at night causing drowsiness and lowest levels in the morning
3 stages of the stress response
- fight or flight
- resistance
- exhaustion
What is the main hormone during fight or flight
Adrenaline
What is the main hormone during resistance
Cortisol
What are the long term effects of prolonged cortisol
wasting of muscle, ulcers in GI tract alongside suppression of immune system
2 health implications of stress
- greater risk of developing chronic disease
2. Death
4 age-related changes of endocrine
- Growth hormone decreases leading to muscle atrophy
- thyroid hormone decrease leading to decreased metabolic rate
- PTH increase leading to osteoporosis
- adrenal medulla still releases equal adrenaline
