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Nursing Science 2 - EXAM 2 > Metabolic Reactions > Flashcards

Metabolic Reactions Flashcards

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1
Q

Define the term anabolism and catabolism, how are these 2 different?

A
  • Anabolism requires energy to grow and build up complex molecules
  • Catabolism uses energy to break down complex molecules through metabolism
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2
Q

What are the 5 metabolic reactions?

A
  • glycogenesis
  • glycogenolysis
  • gluconeogenesis
  • lipolysis
  • lipogenesis
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3
Q

Describe what happens during Glycogenesis

A

Synthesis of glycogen from glucose

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4
Q

What effect will glycogenesis have on blood glucose levels? (BGL)

A

Decrease BGL

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5
Q

What hormone stimulates glycogenesis?

A

Insulin

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6
Q

Describe what happens during Glycogenolysis

A

Breakdown of glycogen to form glucose

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7
Q

What effect will glycogenolysis have on BGL?

A

Increase BGL

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8
Q

What hormones stimulate glycogenolysis?

A
  • Glucagon

- Adrenaline

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9
Q

Describe what happens during Gluconeogenesis

A

Synthesis of glucose from glycerol, amino acids and lactic acid

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10
Q

What effect will gluconeogenesis have on BGL?

A

Increase BGL

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11
Q

What hormones stimulate gluconeogenesis?

A
  • Cortisol

- Glucagon

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12
Q

Describe what happens during lipolysis

A

The breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids

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13
Q

What effect will lipolysis have on BGL?

A

Increase BGL

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14
Q

What hormones stimulate lipolysis?

A
  • Adrenaline
  • Cortisol
  • Thyroid hormones
  • Growth hormones
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15
Q

Describe what happens during lipogenesis

A

Synthesis of lipids from glucose and amino acids

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16
Q

What effect will lipogenesis have on BGL?

A

Decrease BGL

17
Q

What hormone stimulate lipogenesis?

A

Insulin

18
Q

State where glycogen is stored

A

Mostly in skeletal muscle fibres and some in liver cells

19
Q

Name the two products resulting from lipolysis

A
  • Glycerol

- Fatty Acids

20
Q

What are ketone bodies (ketones) produced from?

A

If levels of CoA produced are too high for the kerbs cycle to process, the liver converts the CoA into ketone bodies

21
Q

Describe what causes an increase in ketones

A
  • Overproduction of ketones occurs in conditions of:
    Severe starvation
    Uncontrolled diabetes
22
Q

List the clinical signs & symptoms that would result from excess ketones

A
  • Change the chemical balance of your blood

- Dehydration

23
Q

Explain the clinical significance of excess ketones – state what homeostatic imbalance will occur

A

Ketone bodies are acidic and an excess production can lower blood pH and cause metabolic acidosis

24
Q

What is metabolic acidosis?

A

A decrease in blood pH caused by non-respiratory conditions

25
Q

Describe three uses for amino acids

A
  • Can’t be stored so regular intake is required
  • Synthesised to make new proteins to build/repair body tissues
  • Excess amino acids are broken down by the liver and:
    - Used for production of ATP
    - Converted into glucose (gluconeogenesis)
    and triglycerides (lipogenesis)
26
Q

What is one end product of amino acid catabolism?

A

Urea

27
Q

What are two tests to check the levels of urea?

A
  • Blood tests (electrolytes and urea (U&E’s)

- Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

28
Q

State what elevated levels of urea would indicate

A

Kidney injury or disease is present

29
Q

Define basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

Metabolic rate measured under resting/fasting conditions

30
Q

State four factors that would increase BMR

A
  • Hormones
  • High body temperature
  • Ingestion of food
  • Exercise
31
Q

List five hormones that increase BMR

A
  • Thyroxine
  • Adrenaline
  • Noradrenaline
  • Insulin
  • Growth hormone
  • Testosterone
32
Q

Where can Ketons be detected?

A

In the urine, and their breath may have a sweet smell

33
Q

Why are high levels of Ketons bad for us?

A

They are toxic to the brain

34
Q

Females tend to have what kind of BMR?

A

Lower BMR

35
Q

What type of lipid is stored in adipose tissue?

A

Triglycerides

36
Q

What is a metabolic reaction that builds up compounds?

A

Anabolic

Nursing Science 2 - EXAM 2 (7 decks)

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