Metabolic Reactions Flashcards
Define the term anabolism and catabolism, how are these 2 different?
- Anabolism requires energy to grow and build up complex molecules
- Catabolism uses energy to break down complex molecules through metabolism
What are the 5 metabolic reactions?
- glycogenesis
- glycogenolysis
- gluconeogenesis
- lipolysis
- lipogenesis
Describe what happens during Glycogenesis
Synthesis of glycogen from glucose
What effect will glycogenesis have on blood glucose levels? (BGL)
Decrease BGL
What hormone stimulates glycogenesis?
Insulin
Describe what happens during Glycogenolysis
Breakdown of glycogen to form glucose
What effect will glycogenolysis have on BGL?
Increase BGL
What hormones stimulate glycogenolysis?
- Glucagon
- Adrenaline
Describe what happens during Gluconeogenesis
Synthesis of glucose from glycerol, amino acids and lactic acid
What effect will gluconeogenesis have on BGL?
Increase BGL
What hormones stimulate gluconeogenesis?
- Cortisol
- Glucagon
Describe what happens during lipolysis
The breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids
What effect will lipolysis have on BGL?
Increase BGL
What hormones stimulate lipolysis?
- Adrenaline
- Cortisol
- Thyroid hormones
- Growth hormones
Describe what happens during lipogenesis
Synthesis of lipids from glucose and amino acids
What effect will lipogenesis have on BGL?
Decrease BGL
What hormone stimulate lipogenesis?
Insulin
State where glycogen is stored
Mostly in skeletal muscle fibres and some in liver cells
Name the two products resulting from lipolysis
- Glycerol
- Fatty Acids
What are ketone bodies (ketones) produced from?
If levels of CoA produced are too high for the kerbs cycle to process, the liver converts the CoA into ketone bodies
Describe what causes an increase in ketones
- Overproduction of ketones occurs in conditions of:
Severe starvation
Uncontrolled diabetes
List the clinical signs & symptoms that would result from excess ketones
- Change the chemical balance of your blood
- Dehydration
Explain the clinical significance of excess ketones – state what homeostatic imbalance will occur
Ketone bodies are acidic and an excess production can lower blood pH and cause metabolic acidosis
What is metabolic acidosis?
A decrease in blood pH caused by non-respiratory conditions
Describe three uses for amino acids
- Can’t be stored so regular intake is required
- Synthesised to make new proteins to build/repair body tissues
- Excess amino acids are broken down by the liver and:
- Used for production of ATP
- Converted into glucose (gluconeogenesis)
and triglycerides (lipogenesis)
What is one end product of amino acid catabolism?
Urea
What are two tests to check the levels of urea?
- Blood tests (electrolytes and urea (U&E’s)
- Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
State what elevated levels of urea would indicate
Kidney injury or disease is present
Define basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Metabolic rate measured under resting/fasting conditions
State four factors that would increase BMR
- Hormones
- High body temperature
- Ingestion of food
- Exercise
List five hormones that increase BMR
- Thyroxine
- Adrenaline
- Noradrenaline
- Insulin
- Growth hormone
- Testosterone
Where can Ketons be detected?
In the urine, and their breath may have a sweet smell
Why are high levels of Ketons bad for us?
They are toxic to the brain
Females tend to have what kind of BMR?
Lower BMR
What type of lipid is stored in adipose tissue?
Triglycerides
What is a metabolic reaction that builds up compounds?
Anabolic
