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Nursing Science 2 - EXAM 2 > Cell Division and Inheritance > Flashcards

Cell Division and Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the functions of the nucleus

A
  • Control cellular structure
  • Directs cellular activities
  • Produces ribosomes
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2
Q

Name the common features of a cellular structure

A 
Cell membrane
Nucleus
DNA/genetic material endoplasmic reticulum
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Gogli apparatus
Ribosomes
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3
Q

Define the term alleles

A

Alternative versions of a gene

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4
Q

Define the term homozygous alleles

A

Have identical information for a trait

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5
Q

Define the term heterozygous alleles

A

Have different information for a trait

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6
Q

What are the two types of cell division?

A
  • Somatic

- Reproductive

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7
Q

Describe Somatic cell division

A

Aim to replicate cells to replace dead or injured cells or add new cells during tissue growth (Occurs through mitosis and cytokinesis)

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8
Q

Describe reproductive cell division

A

Aim to produce the gamete cells (Sperm & oocyte) required for the next generation (Occurs through meiosis)

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9
Q

For somatic cell division, include the end products, the number of chromosomes in each new cell, the location of where the cell division occurs and the type of division that occurs

A
  • The end result is 2 daughter cells
  • 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
  • Occurs all the cells of the body except for the germ line
  • Mitosis (Genetically identical)
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10
Q

For reproductive cell division, include the end products, the number of chromosomes in each new cell, the location of where the cell division occurs and the type of division that occurs

A
  • The end result is four daughter cells called haploid cells
  • Contains 23 chromosomes
  • Occurs in the gonads, In males, it occurs in the testes and in females it occurs in the ovaries
  • Meiosis (Genetically variable)
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11
Q

What are the three main stages of somatic cell division?

A
  • Interphase
  • Mitosis
  • Cytokinesis
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12
Q

What are the cell processes through interphase include?

A
  • Metabolism (Cellular respiration, protein synthesis)
  • Duplication (replication) of chromosomes
  • Cell growth (protein synthesis)
  • Production of more organelles in preparation for cell division
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13
Q

Explain how genetic variation occurs

A

Crossing over increases genetic variation which occurs during meiosis 1 and it is the exchange of genes between homologous (paired) chromosomes

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14
Q

Define cancer

A

Group of diseases that results from uncontrolled or abnormal cell proliferation (to grow by rapid production). Uncontrolled cell division results in excess tissue called a tumour (or neoplasm)

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15
Q

Define Malignant tumours and Benign tumours

A
  • Malignant tumours undergo metastases (The spread of cancerous cells to other part of the body)
  • Benign tumours do not metastasise (Not cancerous, They do not spread)
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16
Q

What type of cancer arises from epithelial tissue?

A

Carcinoma

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17
Q

What type of cancer arises from Melanocytes?

A

Melanoma

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18
Q

What type of cancer arises from lymphatic tissue?

A

Lymphoma

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19
Q

What type of cancer arises from leukocytes?

A

Leukaemia

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20
Q

What is the process of Interphase?

A
  • Replication of DNA
  • Duplication of chromosomes
  • Metabolism (eg cellular respiration, protein synthesis
    Production of more organelles)
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21
Q

How is interphase reached?

A
  • Cell grows, replicates the DNA and prepares for mitosis

- 2 complete and identical DNA molecules produced.

22
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
23
Q

What is mitosis?

A
  • The four stages result in the division of the nucleus.

- Process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division)

24
Q

State three causes of cancer

A
  • Environmental agents (Chemical and radiation)
    • These chemicals or radiation are called carcinogens
      and include:
      □ Cigarette Tar, radon gas, UV light
  • Viruses
    - Eg. HPV causes cervical cancer by stimulating
    abnormal proliferation of cells
  • Genes
    - Abnormalities of the genes that control and
    regulate cell division
25
Q

Explain the difference between Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2

A

Meiosis I begins with one diploid parent cell and ends with two haploid daughter cells, halving the number of chromosomes in each cell. Meiosis II starts with two haploid parent cells and ends with four haploid daughter cells, maintaining the number of chromosomes in each cell.

26
Q

Define Inheritance

A

Is the passage of hereditary traits from one generation to another

27
Q

Define Genetics

A

Is the branch of biology that deals with inheritance

28
Q

Define genotype

A

Is the genetic makeup of an individual

29
Q

Define phenotype

A

Is the physical characteristics determined by the genotype and the environment

30
Q

Define mutation

A

Is a permanent, heritable change in a gene that causes it to have a different effect than it had previously

31
Q

Define autosomes

A

Are any chromosomes which aren’t sex chromosomes

32
Q

Define x-linked

A

Is a trait where a gene is located on the X chromosome

33
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

Allele that is always expressed or evident in a person. It does this by over-riding the influence of the corresponding allele on the other homologous chromosome (eg. Pp)

34
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

allele that is completely hidden or masked by the presence of a dominant allele. A recessive allele is only expressed when no dominant allele is present (eg. pp)

35
Q

Explain Autosomal dominant and give an example

A

Caused by a mutation of a single gene on a chromosome (for example, Huntington’s disease) One heterozygous parent will have a 50% chance of having a child with the disease

36
Q

Explain Autosomal recessive and give an example

A

Caused by mutations of two gene pairs on a chromosome (for example cystic fibrosis)

37
Q

Explain X-linked recessive and give an example

A

Caused by mutation on the X chromosome (for example Haemophilia or colour blindness) This is more common in men as have only one X chromosome

38
Q

Define multiple allele inheritance

A

Where some genes have more than two alternate forms (eg. Allele coding for blood type) - 6 possible genotypes produce 4 blood types (phenotypes)

39
Q

Define complex inheritance and give one example of a genetic trait carried by this type of inheritance

A
  • Traits that have a genetic component that does not follow strict Mendelian inheritance. May involve the interaction of two or more genes or gene-environment interactions.
  • Examples include:
    • Skin and hair colour (affected by sun exposure,
      nutrition)
      • Height (affected by malnutrition or disease)
40
Q

Describe the difference between autosomes & sex chromosomes

A
  • Autosomes are any chromosomes other than a sex chromosome - they are the 22 out of 23 pairs of chromosomes
  • Sex chromosomes are the 23rd pair that determine whether an individual is male or female. In females, the 23rd pair consists of XX, in males it consists of XY
41
Q

Explain why many x-linked conditions primarily affect males

A

Because there are no counterbalancing dominant genes on the Y-chromosome

42
Q

Give two examples of x-linked (sex-linked) conditions

A
  • Red-green colour blindness
    • Lack of either red or green cones, so seen as
      same colour
  • Haemophilia
    - Sex-linked trait where blood fails to clot
43
Q

Explain the terms trisomy & monosomy

A

A trisomy is a chromosomal condition characterised by an additional chromosome.

Monosomy is used to describe the absence of one member of a pair of chromosomes.

44
Q

Give an example of Trisomy

A

Down syndrome for example, they have an extra 21st chromosome

45
Q

Give an example of monosomy

A

Turner syndrome for example which affects girls. The cause of Turner syndrome is a completely or partially missing X chromosome

46
Q

Somatic cell division results in what?

A

2 genetically identical cells

47
Q

When the alleles of a gene pair are different they are said to be what?

A

Heterozygous

48
Q

The end result of Meiosis is the production of cells that have how many chromosomes?

A

23 chromosomes

49
Q

The gene for tongue rolling is dominant. If the father is heterozygous and the mother is homozygous dominant the probability that their child will be a tongue roller is…

A

100%

50
Q

Haemophilia is a sex-linked recessive condition. If a man with haemophilia has children with a heterozygous woman, the possible outcomes are…

A

One potential male and one potential female will have Haemophilia

Nursing Science 2 - EXAM 2 (7 decks)

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