Metabolic/Endocrine

Question 1

the hypothalamus controls the release of what hormones

Answer 1

pituitary hormones, 
corticotropin-releasing hormone 
thyrotroping releasing hormone 
growth hormone releasing hormone 
somatostatin

Question 2

anterior pituitary controls the release of

Answer 2

growth hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACHT)
follicle stimulating hormone 
leutinizing hormone 
prolactine

Question 3

posterior pituitary controls the release of

Answer 3

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
oxytocin

Question 4

adrenal cortex controls the release of

Answer 4

mineral corticosteroids like aldosterone
glucocorticoids like cortisol
adrenal androgens like DHEA and androstenedione

Question 5

adrenal medulla controls the release of

Answer 5

EPI and NE

Question 6

thyroid controls the release of

Answer 6

triiodothyronine and thyroxine (thyroid C cells control release of calcitonin)

Question 7

parathyroid gland releases

Answer 7

parathyroid hormone

Question 8

pancreatic islet cells

Answer 8

insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

Question 9

kidney control release of

Answer 9

1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D

Question 10

ovaries

Answer 10

estrogen and progesterone

Question 11

testes

Answer 11

androgens like testosterone

Question 12

role of insulin

Answer 12

to uptake glucose from the blood and reduce overall blood glucose serum levels

Question 13

glucagon function

Answer 13

stimulates hepatic glucose production to increase the amount of glucose especially in fasting states

Question 14

amylin

Answer 14

modulates rate of nutrient delivery by gastric emptying to suppress the release of glucagon

Question 15

somatostatin

Answer 15

suppresses secretion of insulin and glucagon, decreased mobility of stomach duodenum and gallbaldder and decreased secretion and absorption of GI tract.

Question 16

what is metabolic syndrome

Answer 16

a group of risk factors that increase the chances of having heart disease, stroke or DM

Question 17

metabloc risk factors for metabloc syndrome

Answer 17

need 3 or more:
ABDOMINAL OBESITY (MEN WAIST OVER 40 AND WOMEN OVER 35 INCHES)
high triglycerides (over 150)
low HDL (under 40 for men, under 50 for women)
high BP (systolic over 135 and diastolic over 85)
fasting blood glucose level over 100

Question 18

how do you diagnose DM

Answer 18

fasting glucose (no food last 8 hour) over 126
2 hour post oral tolerance test over 200
glucose levels over 200 regardless time of day
A1C over 6.5%

Question 19

what are the A1C classifications

Answer 19

5.7 or below is normal
5.7-6.4 is pre diabetes
DM is over 6.5

Question 20

what should exercise prescription (aerobic and resistance) look like for a patient with DM

Answer 20

aerobic, 50-80% VO2max or HRR 3-7 days per week, 20-60 minutes on things like bike or treadmill while avoiding things like valsalva. RPE 12-16
resistance: 60-80% 1 RM for 2-3 sets at 8-12 reps 2-3 times per week.

Question 21

in a nut shell, difference between hyperthyroidism and hypo

Answer 21

hyper is an increase in the metabolic demands, so you get increased metabolism and things like tachy, nervousness, sweating, weight loss,
hypo is not enough, so you are tired, weak, gain weight,

Question 22

what is Hoshimotos’s and Graves

Answer 22

Hoshimotos is hypothyroidism, which is the decrease in thyroid hormones and a decrease in metabolism
Grave’s is hyper, which results in increased metabolism .

Question 23

T scores for osteoporosis and osteopenia

Answer 23

-1.0 and above is normal
between -1.0 and -2.5, osteopenia
below -2.5 is osteoporosis