Metabolic/Endocrine Flashcards
the hypothalamus controls the release of what hormones
pituitary hormones, corticotropin-releasing hormone thyrotroping releasing hormone growth hormone releasing hormone somatostatin
anterior pituitary controls the release of
growth hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACHT) follicle stimulating hormone leutinizing hormone prolactine
posterior pituitary controls the release of
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) oxytocin
adrenal cortex controls the release of
mineral corticosteroids like aldosterone
glucocorticoids like cortisol
adrenal androgens like DHEA and androstenedione
adrenal medulla controls the release of
EPI and NE
thyroid controls the release of
triiodothyronine and thyroxine (thyroid C cells control release of calcitonin)
parathyroid gland releases
parathyroid hormone
pancreatic islet cells
insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
kidney control release of
1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D
ovaries
estrogen and progesterone
testes
androgens like testosterone
role of insulin
to uptake glucose from the blood and reduce overall blood glucose serum levels
glucagon function
stimulates hepatic glucose production to increase the amount of glucose especially in fasting states
amylin
modulates rate of nutrient delivery by gastric emptying to suppress the release of glucagon
somatostatin
suppresses secretion of insulin and glucagon, decreased mobility of stomach duodenum and gallbaldder and decreased secretion and absorption of GI tract.
what is metabolic syndrome
a group of risk factors that increase the chances of having heart disease, stroke or DM
metabloc risk factors for metabloc syndrome
need 3 or more:
ABDOMINAL OBESITY (MEN WAIST OVER 40 AND WOMEN OVER 35 INCHES)
high triglycerides (over 150)
low HDL (under 40 for men, under 50 for women)
high BP (systolic over 135 and diastolic over 85)
fasting blood glucose level over 100
how do you diagnose DM
fasting glucose (no food last 8 hour) over 126
2 hour post oral tolerance test over 200
glucose levels over 200 regardless time of day
A1C over 6.5%
what are the A1C classifications
5.7 or below is normal
5.7-6.4 is pre diabetes
DM is over 6.5
what should exercise prescription (aerobic and resistance) look like for a patient with DM
aerobic, 50-80% VO2max or HRR 3-7 days per week, 20-60 minutes on things like bike or treadmill while avoiding things like valsalva. RPE 12-16
resistance: 60-80% 1 RM for 2-3 sets at 8-12 reps 2-3 times per week.
in a nut shell, difference between hyperthyroidism and hypo
hyper is an increase in the metabolic demands, so you get increased metabolism and things like tachy, nervousness, sweating, weight loss,
hypo is not enough, so you are tired, weak, gain weight,
what is Hoshimotos’s and Graves
Hoshimotos is hypothyroidism, which is the decrease in thyroid hormones and a decrease in metabolism
Grave’s is hyper, which results in increased metabolism .
T scores for osteoporosis and osteopenia
-1.0 and above is normal
between -1.0 and -2.5, osteopenia
below -2.5 is osteoporosis