Metabolic Disorders (Diabetes)

Question 1

Cause of cotton-wool spots

Answer 1

Micro-infarcts within the retina due to colluded vessels

Question 2

Cause of hard-exudates in the retina

Answer 2

Protein and lipid left from clearing fluid into the retinal veins

Question 3

What is the earliest stage of retinopathy?

Answer 3

Non-proliferative

Question 4

What are non-proliferative retinopathy changes?

Answer 4

Microaneurysms
Superficial (blot) haemorrhages
Cotton wool spots
Hard exudate

Question 5

What are pre-proliferative retinopathy changes?

Answer 5

Venous beading
Venous loops (elongation)
Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities
Multiple, deep, round haemorrhages

Question 6

What are proliferative retinopathy changes?

Answer 6

Neovascularisation
Pre-retinal or subhyaloid haemorrhage
Vitreous haemorrhage

Question 7

What are advanced retinopathy changes?

Answer 7

Retinal fibrosis
Traction retinal detachment

Question 8

Maculopathy

Answer 8

Non-proliferative retinopathy that may affect vision if it is situated within the macular area, which is responsible for fine vision

Question 9

Risk factors for T1DM

Answer 9

Family history
Age

Question 10

Risk factors for T2DM

Answer 10

Prediabetic
Overweight
>45 years
Family history (parent or sibling)
Physically active < 3x weekly
Previous gestational diabetes
Given birth to a baby > 9 lbs
African American, Hispanic, Latino, American Indian or Alaska Native
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease