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Year 1 > Introductory > Flashcards

Introductory Flashcards

1
Q

Function of epithelial tissue

A

Creates protective boundaries and is involved in the diffusion of ions and molecules

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2
Q

Function of connective tissue

A

Underlies and supports other tissue types

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3
Q

Function of muscle tissue

A

Contracts to initiate movement in the body

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4
Q

Function of nervous tissue

A

Transmits and integrates information through the central and peripheral nervous systems

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5
Q

What are the surfaces of epithelial tissue?

A

Basal
Apical
Lateral

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6
Q

Function of tight junctions

A

Form a solid barrier to prevent movement of molecules between adjacent epithelial cells

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7
Q

Function of gap junctions

A

Allow small molecules and structures to pass freely between cells

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8
Q

Osmolality

A

Measure of the number of particles in a kg of the liquid they are dissolved in

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9
Q

Osmolarity

A

Measure of the number of particles in a litre of the liquid they are dissolved in

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10
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A

Solute concentration of the solution is higher than that of the cell, meaning that there is a net movement of water out of the cell

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11
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

Solute concentration of the solution is lower than that of the cell, meaning that there is a net movement of water into the cell

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12
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

Solute concentration of the solution is the same as that of the cell, meaning that there is no net movement of water

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13
Q

Lipid Solubility

A

The ability to dissolve through the lipid portion of a membrane (e.g. steroids are highly lipid soluble)

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14
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Located just above the brain stem.
Maintains homeostasis by controlling/regulating many body functions, including the release of hormones. Important in linking the nervous and endocrine systems.

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15
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Located just above the brain stem.
Role in maintaining homeostasis with the hypothalamus, and produces and secretes a number of hormones.

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16
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Located on top of each kidney.
Produces a number of hormones to regulate specific body functions.

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17
Q

Central Regulator of the HPA Axis?

A

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)

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18
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Released by the anterior pituitary and targets the adrenal glands.

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19
Q

Where is adrenaline produced?

A

Adrenal medulla during initial stages of stress

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20
Q

What does ACTH stimulate?

A

Binds to the adrenal cortex to stimulate production of cortisol by the zona fasciculata

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21
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Butterfly shaped organ located in the base of the neck.
Releases hormones that control metabolism.

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22
Q

What hormones are released by the thyroid gland?

A

T3, T4 and Calcitonin

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23
Q

TRH

A

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
Released by the hypothalamus and acts on the anterior pituitary

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24
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Release is stimulated by the action of TRH on the anterior pituitary and in turn stimulates the thyroid to produce TH

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25
Q

T3

A

Triiodothyronine

26
Q

T4

A

Thyroxine

27
Q

Which thyroid hormone is the active form?

A

T3 (10% of circulating TH)

28
Q

Function of TH

A

Regulate the body’s growth, development and metabolic rate

29
Q

Function of calcitonin

A

Control of serum calcium levels

30
Q

Graves Disease

A

An autoimmune condition targeting the thyroid gland and leading to hyperthyroidism due to overproduction of TH by the thyroid. Graves disease is the leading cause of hyperthyroidism.

31
Q

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

A

An autoimmune condition targeting the thyroid gland and leading to hypothyroidism.

32
Q

Water-soluble hormone

A

A lipophobic hormone that binds to a receptor on, or within, the plasma membrane to initiate an intracellular signalling cascade

33
Q

Lipid-soluble hormone

A

A lipophilic hormone that passes through the plasma membrane of a cell, binds to an intracellular receptor and changes gene expression

34
Q

What are the four aspects of pharmacokinetics?

A

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion (ADME)

35
Q

Drug Absorption

A

The movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood

35
Q

Drug Affinity

A

The extent to which a drug binds to its receptor at a given concentration

36
Q

Efficacy

A

AKA Intrinsic Activity
The ability of a drug to illicit a pharmacological effect (e.g. agonist = 1, antagonist = 0)

37
Q

Spare receptors

A

Receptors that remain unbound when an agonist is producing its maximal biologic response. Allows a faster response

38
Q

What are the common blood proteins that drugs may bind to?

A

Albumin
Alpha-1 acid glycoprotein
Lipoprotein

39
Q

What is the effect of blood protein binding on drugs?

A

Allows distribution of the drug through the circulatory system, however only unbound (free) drug can passively diffuse to extravascular or tissue sites to exhibit their pharmacological effect

40
Q

Bioavailability

A

Fraction (or proportion) of administered drug reaching the general circulation unchanged

41
Q

Volume of Distribution

A

The volume of body fluids into which a drug appears to have been distributed

42
Q

Which drugs have the highest volume of distribution?

A

Lipid-soluble drugs (100%)

43
Q

What drugs can cross the blood-brain-barrier?

A

Small, lipid-soluble drugs (e.g. ethanol)

44
Q

Where are acidic drugs best absorbed?

A

In the stomach due to acidic environment (mainly in non-ionised state which can be absorbed)

45
Q

Drug Metabolism

A

Process of making a drug more hydrophilic so that it can be excreted by the kidneys - if in a lipophilic state then is more likely to be reabsorbed

46
Q

Phase I Metabolism

A

Use of enzymes to modify drugs by processes such as oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis, or through the removal or addition of a group

47
Q

Phase II Metabolism

A

Conjugation of Phase I Metabolites with a polar group to render it possible for excretion (e.g. sulphates and glucuronide)

48
Q

Zero Order Kinetics

A

Constant rate of elimination per unit time, regardless of drug dosage

49
Q

First Order Kinetics

A

Exponential curve - same proportion of drug is eliminated per unit time (i.e. the more drug, the more eliminated)

50
Q

Drug Clearance

A

The volume of blood from which all the drug is cleared per unit time in a particular organ. Total clearance is a constant, independent of drug dose and plasma concentration

51
Q

Rate of administration (mg/h)

A

= (dose * bioavailability) / time interval between doses

52
Q

Rate of elimination (mg/h)

A

Total clearance (L/h) * Plasma concentration (mg/L)

53
Q

Minimum Effective Concentration

A

Below this there will be no therapeutic effect

54
Q

Maximum Safe Concentration

A

Above this there will be a toxic effect.

55
Q

Therapeutic Index

A

A quantitative measure indicating the safety of a drug. The smaller (narrower) the therapeutic index, the more unsafe a drug.

56
Q

Onset of Action

A

The time taken for the drug to reach the minimum effective concentration after administration

57
Q

Peak Action

A

Occurs when the drug reaches its highest blood or plasma concentration

58
Q

Duration of Action

A

The length of time the drug has a pharmacological action

59
Q

Volume of Distribution Calculation

A

Vd = Drug Dosage / Plasma Concentration

60
Q

Loading Dose Calculation

A

Loading Dose * Bioavailability = Volume of Distribution * Plasma Concentration at Steady State

Year 1 (23 decks)

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